Thermal Remediation - Smoldering - Revision history

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:45:28Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:26:43Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:23:08Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:21:52Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:16:41Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:14:04Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:12:57Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T23:07:24Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T21:54:15Z

‎Scientific Principals

Jhurley: /* Scientific Principals */

2024-04-01T21:53:34Z

‎Scientific Principals

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The smoldering front will propagate through the NAPL-contaminated soil as a relatively thin (few centimeters) reaction zone, with a heated zone preceding it and a cooling, clean zone behind it (Figure 2). This can be clearly observed in a webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction in coal tar-contaminated soil (Figure 3). In the video, the reaction propagates at ~ 0.5 cm/min such that it takes ~ 15 min to travel from the bottom to the top of the 30 cm quartz column. This propagation rate is linearly dependent on the rate that air is injected<ref name="Pironi2011">Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G. and Torero, J.L., 2011. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion for NAPL remediation: laboratory evaluation of process sensitivity to key parameters. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(7), 2980-2986. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102969z doi: 10.1021/es102969z]</ref>. This means that the velocity of the smoldering front (and thus the mass destruction rate) is easily controlled by the operator by manipulating the air injection rate. The reaction zone temperature depends primarily on NAPL type, typically ranging from 500°C (e.g., for diesel) to 1000°C (e.g., for coal tar). Water-filled porosity tends to have little effect, since there is a boiling front that travels ahead of the reaction and air flows from the injection pipe through dry sand to the heated NAPL participating in the reaction. In fact, smoldering remediation below the water table is common<ref name="Scholes2015" /><ref name="Grant2016" />.
-[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|504px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
+[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|504px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|560px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
 [[File:Gerhard Fig4.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 4.  Comparison of coal-tar contaminated soil before and after smoldering treatment in the laboratory.]]

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The smoldering front will propagate through the NAPL-contaminated soil as a relatively thin (few centimeters) reaction zone, with a heated zone preceding it and a cooling, clean zone behind it (Figure 2). This can be clearly observed in a webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction in coal tar-contaminated soil (Figure 3). In the video, the reaction propagates at ~ 0.5 cm/min such that it takes ~ 15 min to travel from the bottom to the top of the 30 cm quartz column. This propagation rate is linearly dependent on the rate that air is injected<ref name="Pironi2011">Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G. and Torero, J.L., 2011. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion for NAPL remediation: laboratory evaluation of process sensitivity to key parameters. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(7), 2980-2986. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102969z doi: 10.1021/es102969z]</ref>. This means that the velocity of the smoldering front (and thus the mass destruction rate) is easily controlled by the operator by manipulating the air injection rate. The reaction zone temperature depends primarily on NAPL type, typically ranging from 500°C (e.g., for diesel) to 1000°C (e.g., for coal tar). Water-filled porosity tends to have little effect, since there is a boiling front that travels ahead of the reaction and air flows from the injection pipe through dry sand to the heated NAPL participating in the reaction. In fact, smoldering remediation below the water table is common<ref name="Scholes2015" /><ref name="Grant2016" />.
-[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|400px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
+[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|504px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
 [[File:Gerhard Fig4.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 4.  Comparison of coal-tar contaminated soil before and after smoldering treatment in the laboratory.]]

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The smoldering front will propagate through the NAPL-contaminated soil as a relatively thin (few centimeters) reaction zone, with a heated zone preceding it and a cooling, clean zone behind it (Figure 2). This can be clearly observed in a webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction in coal tar-contaminated soil (Figure 3). In the video, the reaction propagates at ~ 0.5 cm/min such that it takes ~ 15 min to travel from the bottom to the top of the 30 cm quartz column. This propagation rate is linearly dependent on the rate that air is injected<ref name="Pironi2011">Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G. and Torero, J.L., 2011. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion for NAPL remediation: laboratory evaluation of process sensitivity to key parameters. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(7), 2980-2986. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102969z doi: 10.1021/es102969z]</ref>. This means that the velocity of the smoldering front (and thus the mass destruction rate) is easily controlled by the operator by manipulating the air injection rate. The reaction zone temperature depends primarily on NAPL type, typically ranging from 500°C (e.g., for diesel) to 1000°C (e.g., for coal tar). Water-filled porosity tends to have little effect, since there is a boiling front that travels ahead of the reaction and air flows from the injection pipe through dry sand to the heated NAPL participating in the reaction. In fact, smoldering remediation below the water table is common<ref name="Scholes2015" /><ref name="Grant2016" />.
-[[File:Gerhard_Figure2r.gif |thumb|left|400px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
+[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|400px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
 [[File:Gerhard Fig4.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 4.  Comparison of coal-tar contaminated soil before and after smoldering treatment in the laboratory.]]

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The smoldering front will propagate through the NAPL-contaminated soil as a relatively thin (few centimeters) reaction zone, with a heated zone preceding it and a cooling, clean zone behind it (Figure 2). This can be clearly observed in a webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction in coal tar-contaminated soil (Figure 3). In the video, the reaction propagates at ~ 0.5 cm/min such that it takes ~ 15 min to travel from the bottom to the top of the 30 cm quartz column. This propagation rate is linearly dependent on the rate that air is injected<ref name="Pironi2011">Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G. and Torero, J.L., 2011. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion for NAPL remediation: laboratory evaluation of process sensitivity to key parameters. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(7), 2980-2986. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102969z doi: 10.1021/es102969z]</ref>. This means that the velocity of the smoldering front (and thus the mass destruction rate) is easily controlled by the operator by manipulating the air injection rate. The reaction zone temperature depends primarily on NAPL type, typically ranging from 500°C (e.g., for diesel) to 1000°C (e.g., for coal tar). Water-filled porosity tends to have little effect, since there is a boiling front that travels ahead of the reaction and air flows from the injection pipe through dry sand to the heated NAPL participating in the reaction. In fact, smoldering remediation below the water table is common<ref name="Scholes2015" /><ref name="Grant2016" />.
-[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|300px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
+[[File:Gerhard_Figure2r.gif |thumb|left|400px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
 [[File:Gerhard Fig4.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 4.  Comparison of coal-tar contaminated soil before and after smoldering treatment in the laboratory.]]

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 The smoldering front will propagate through the NAPL-contaminated soil as a relatively thin (few centimeters) reaction zone, with a heated zone preceding it and a cooling, clean zone behind it (Figure 2). This can be clearly observed in a webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction in coal tar-contaminated soil (Figure 3). In the video, the reaction propagates at ~ 0.5 cm/min such that it takes ~ 15 min to travel from the bottom to the top of the 30 cm quartz column. This propagation rate is linearly dependent on the rate that air is injected<ref name="Pironi2011">Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G. and Torero, J.L., 2011. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion for NAPL remediation: laboratory evaluation of process sensitivity to key parameters. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(7), 2980-2986. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102969z doi: 10.1021/es102969z]</ref>. This means that the velocity of the smoldering front (and thus the mass destruction rate) is easily controlled by the operator by manipulating the air injection rate. The reaction zone temperature depends primarily on NAPL type, typically ranging from 500°C (e.g., for diesel) to 1000°C (e.g., for coal tar). Water-filled porosity tends to have little effect, since there is a boiling front that travels ahead of the reaction and air flows from the injection pipe through dry sand to the heated NAPL participating in the reaction. In fact, smoldering remediation below the water table is common<ref name="Scholes2015" /><ref name="Grant2016" />.
-[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|400px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
+[[File:Gerhard_Figure2.gif |thumb|left|300px|Figure 2. Animation showing the concept of NAPL destruction in soil by self-sustaining smoldering.]][[File:Figure3.gif|thumbnail|right|510px|Figure 3. Webcam video of a self-sustaining smoldering reaction traveling upwards in a 30 cm tall transparent quartz column containing coal tar contaminated soil (accelerated 50 times).]]
 [[File:Gerhard Fig4.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|Figure 4.  Comparison of coal-tar contaminated soil before and after smoldering treatment in the laboratory.]]