Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating - Revision history

Admin at 02:40, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:40:16Z

Admin at 02:29, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:29:56Z

Admin at 02:29, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:29:28Z

Jhurley at 17:11, 11 December 2020

2020-12-11T17:11:54Z

Jhurley: /* Example Case Studies */

2020-12-04T21:35:33Z

‎Example Case Studies

Jhurley: /* Example Case Studies */

2020-12-04T21:05:10Z

‎Example Case Studies

Jhurley: /* Applications */

2020-12-04T21:02:36Z

‎Applications

Jhurley at 20:46, 4 December 2020

2020-12-04T20:46:07Z

Jhurley: /* Applications */

2020-12-04T20:43:50Z

‎Applications

Jhurley at 18:30, 4 December 2020

2020-12-04T18:30:32Z

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 '''Related Article(s)''':
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam |Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 *[http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580) Cleaning Contaminated Soil Using Electrical Heating and Air Stripping]<ref name="Buettner1995">Buettner, H.M. and Daily, W.D., 1995. Cleaning Contaminated Soil Using Electrical Heating and Air Stripping. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 121(8), pp. 580-589. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580) doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580)]</ref>
-*[http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration]<ref name="Gauglitz1994">Gauglitz, P., Roberts, J., Bergman, T., Schalla, R., Caley, S., Schlender, M., Heath, W., Jarosch, T., Miller, M., Eddy-Dilek, C., Moss, R., Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland WA, USA. 72 pages. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/ef/Gauglitz1994.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>
+*[http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration]<ref name="Gauglitz1994">Gauglitz, P., Roberts, J., Bergman, T., Schalla, R., Caley, S., Schlender, M., Heath, W., Jarosch, T., Miller, M., Eddy-Dilek, C., Moss, R., Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland WA, USA. 72 pages. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/ef/Gauglitz1994.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>
 *[https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.10075 Electro-Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for In Situ Remediation Under an Occupied Apartment Building]<ref name="McGee2003">McGee, B.C., 2003. Electro‐Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for in situ remediation under an occupied apartment building. Remediation Journal, 13(3), pp. 67-79. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.10075 doi:10.1002/rem.10075]</ref>

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s)''':
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Steam |Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
-'''CContributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
+'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
@@ Line 15: / Line 16: @@
 *[http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580) Cleaning Contaminated Soil Using Electrical Heating and Air Stripping]<ref name="Buettner1995">Buettner, H.M. and Daily, W.D., 1995. Cleaning Contaminated Soil Using Electrical Heating and Air Stripping. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 121(8), pp. 580-589. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580) doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580)]</ref>
-*[http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration]<ref name="Gauglitz1994">Gauglitz, P., Roberts, J., Bergman, T., Schalla, R., Caley, S., Schlender, M., Heath, W., Jarosch, T., Miller, M., Eddy-Dilek, C., Moss, R., Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland WA, USA. 72 pages. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media:Gauglitz1994.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>
+*[http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration]<ref name="Gauglitz1994">Gauglitz, P., Roberts, J., Bergman, T., Schalla, R., Caley, S., Schlender, M., Heath, W., Jarosch, T., Miller, M., Eddy-Dilek, C., Moss, R., Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland WA, USA. 72 pages. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/ef/Gauglitz1994.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>
 *[https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.10075 Electro-Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for In Situ Remediation Under an Occupied Apartment Building]<ref name="McGee2003">McGee, B.C., 2003. Electro‐Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for in situ remediation under an occupied apartment building. Remediation Journal, 13(3), pp. 67-79. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.10075 doi:10.1002/rem.10075]</ref>
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 *Pesticides
 *[[Munitions Constituents|Munition compounds]]
 *[[Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)|Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)]]
 *[[Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHCs)|Fuels and heavy hydrocarbons (partial removal)]]
 *[[1,4-Dioxane]]<ref name="Oberle2015">Oberle, D., Crownover, E., and Kluger, M., 2015. ''In Situ'' Remediation of 1,4-Dioxane Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 25(2), pp. 35-42. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21422 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21422]</ref>
@@ Line 48: / Line 49: @@
 #'''Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – Gas Pad:''' ERH was combined with steam injection to demonstrate treatment of a deep gasoline spill<ref>Newmark, R.L. (ed.) 1994. Demonstration of Dynamic Underground Stripping at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Gasoline Spill Site. Final Report UCRL-ID-116964, Vol. 1-4. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.</ref>.
 #'''Young-Rainey STAR Center:''' ERH and steam enhanced extraction was combined for treatment of a 35-ft deep source zone in complex geology<ref name="Heron2005" />.
-#'''Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant:''' ERH (6 phase heating) was used to demonstrate heating to 100 feet below ground surface, the deepest application at that time. Multiple elements were installed within the electrode borings<ref name="Beyke2005"/>.
+#'''Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant:''' ERH (6 phase heating) was used to demonstrate heating to 100 feet below ground surface, the deepest application at that time. Multiple elements were installed within the electrode borings<ref name="Beyke2005" />.
-#'''East Gate Disposal Yard Site:''' ERH was used at three different [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]]) and [[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs)|LNAPL]] (petroleum products, oils and lubricants) source areas. Significant reductions of contaminant mass (greater than 99%) were observed within the treatment areas and downgradient. One of the source area ERH applications resulted in over 100,000 lbs of volatile organic compound (VOC) mass removed<ref name="Powell2007">Powell, T., Smith, G., Sturza, J., Lynch, K. and Truex, M., 2007. New Advancements for ''In Situ'' Treatment Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 17(2), pp. 51-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20124 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20124]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download from: [https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap4_13-EnergyConsump/68457_Wiley_periodicals.pdf California EPA].</ref>. Additionally, biotic and abiotic degradation processes were observed throughout the range of operating temperatures, which lead to a heat enhanced biodegradation demonstration at the same site<ref name="Truex2007"/>.
+#'''East Gate Disposal Yard Site:''' ERH was used at three different [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]]) and [[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs)|LNAPL]] (petroleum products, oils and lubricants) source areas. Significant reductions of contaminant mass (greater than 99%) were observed within the treatment areas and downgradient. One of the source area ERH applications resulted in over 100,000 lbs of volatile organic compound (VOC) mass removed<ref name="Powell2007">Powell, T., Smith, G., Sturza, J., Lynch, K. and Truex, M., 2007. New Advancements for ''In Situ'' Treatment Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 17(2), pp. 51-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20124 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20124]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download from: [https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap4_13-EnergyConsump/68457_Wiley_periodicals.pdf California EPA].</ref>. Additionally, biotic and abiotic degradation processes were observed throughout the range of operating temperatures, which lead to a heat enhanced biodegradation demonstration at the same site<ref name="Truex2007" />.
 #'''Sandstone Site in Eastern Pennsylvania''': ERH treatment of a 90-ft thick sandstone bedrock treatment interval took 82 days to achieve remedial goals and meet target temperatures<ref name="Beyke2014">Beyke, G.L., Hodges, B.A. and Jones, G.N., 2014. Electrical Resistance Heating of Volatile Organic Compounds in Sedimentary Rock. Remediation Journal, 25(1), pp. 53-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21414 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21414]</ref>.
-#'''Redstone Arsenal:''' ERH was used for several [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] source area ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]] and [[wikipedia:Chlorobenzene|chlorobenzene]]) remediations in karst limestone<ref name="Beyke2014"/>.
+#'''Redstone Arsenal:''' ERH was used for several [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] source area ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]] and [[wikipedia:Chlorobenzene|chlorobenzene]]) remediations in karst limestone<ref name="Beyke2014" />.
-#'''Confidential Site:''' ''In situ'' treatment of [[1,4-Dioxane]] using ERH, resulting in a greater than 99.8% removal from the subsurface due to steam stripping<ref name="Oberle2015"/>.
+#'''Confidential Site:''' ''In situ'' treatment of [[1,4-Dioxane]] using ERH, resulting in a greater than 99.8% removal from the subsurface due to steam stripping<ref name="Oberle2015" />.
-#'''Sioux Army Depot Site:''' ERH used to demonstrate effective hydrolysis of [[wikipedia:RDX|RDX]], [[wikipedia:TNT|TNT]], [[wikipedia:HMX|HMX]] and other [[Munitions Constituents|munitions compounds]]<ref name="Maxwell2020"/>.
+#'''Sioux Army Depot Site:''' ERH used to demonstrate effective hydrolysis of [[wikipedia:RDX|RDX]], [[wikipedia:TNT|TNT]], [[wikipedia:HMX|HMX]] and other [[Munitions Constituents|munitions compounds]]<ref name="Maxwell2020" />.
 These case studies illustrate the type of sites addressed with ERH. Common themes are (1) significant source contamination, (2) advances with heat enhanced abiotic and biotic processes.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) utilizes heating produced by passing electricity through the subsurface to mobilize contaminants, which can then be extracted. ERH has gained wide acceptance and is commonly used for treatment of source zones with volatile organic contaminants. The most common applications have been for  [[Chlorinated Solvents |chlorinated solvents]] sites in difficult matrices, such as silt and clay settings. Heating is produced by passing alternating current through the formation between electrodes, which are customized to site conditions. ERH can be combined with less aggressive methods for complete site and plume restoration (e.g., see [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]).
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s)''':
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
+'''CContributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
 '''Key Resource(s)''':

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 *[[Thermal Remediation]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Desorption | Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
+*[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 #'''Young-Rainey STAR Center:''' ERH and steam enhanced extraction was combined for treatment of a 35-ft deep source zone in complex geology<ref name="Heron2005" />.
 #'''Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant:''' ERH (6 phase heating) was used to demonstrate heating to 100 feet below ground surface, the deepest application at that time. Multiple elements were installed within the electrode borings<ref name="Beyke2005"/>.
-#'''East Gate Disposal Yard Site:''' ERH was used at three different [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]]) and [[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs)|LNAPL]] (petroleum products, oils and lubricants) source areas. Significant reductions of contaminant mass (greater than 99%) were observed within the treatment areas and downgradient. One of the source area ERH applications resulted in over 100,000 lbs of volatile organic compound (VOC) mass removed. Additionally, biotic and abiotic degradation processes were observed throughout the range of operating temperatures, which lead to a heat enhanced biodegradation demonstration at the same site.
+#'''East Gate Disposal Yard Site:''' ERH was used at three different [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]]) and [[Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs)|LNAPL]] (petroleum products, oils and lubricants) source areas. Significant reductions of contaminant mass (greater than 99%) were observed within the treatment areas and downgradient. One of the source area ERH applications resulted in over 100,000 lbs of volatile organic compound (VOC) mass removed<ref name="Powell2007">Powell, T., Smith, G., Sturza, J., Lynch, K. and Truex, M., 2007. New Advancements for ''In Situ'' Treatment Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 17(2), pp. 51-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20124 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20124]&nbsp;&nbsp; Free download from: [https://www.dtsc-ssfl.com/files/lib_ceqa/ref_draft_peir/Chap4_13-EnergyConsump/68457_Wiley_periodicals.pdf California EPA].</ref>. Additionally, biotic and abiotic degradation processes were observed throughout the range of operating temperatures, which lead to a heat enhanced biodegradation demonstration at the same site<ref name="Truex2007"/>.
-#'''Sandstone Site in Eastern Pennsylvania''': ERH treatment of a 90-ft thick sandstone bedrock treatment interval took 82 days to achieve remedial goals and meet target temperatures.
+#'''Sandstone Site in Eastern Pennsylvania''': ERH treatment of a 90-ft thick sandstone bedrock treatment interval took 82 days to achieve remedial goals and meet target temperatures<ref name="Beyke2014">Beyke, G.L., Hodges, B.A. and Jones, G.N., 2014. Electrical Resistance Heating of Volatile Organic Compounds in Sedimentary Rock. Remediation Journal, 25(1), pp. 53-70. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21414 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21414]</ref>.
-#'''Redstone Arsenal:''' ERH was used for several [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] source area ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]] and [[wikipedia:Chlorobenzene|chlorobenzene]]) remediations in karst limestone.
+#'''Redstone Arsenal:''' ERH was used for several [[wikipedia:Dense_non-aqueous_phase_liquid|DNAPL]] source area ([[wikipedia:Trichloroethylene|TCE]] and [[wikipedia:Chlorobenzene|chlorobenzene]]) remediations in karst limestone<ref name="Beyke2014"/>.
-#'''Confidential Site:''' ''In situ'' treatment of [[1,4-Dioxane]] using ERH, resulting in a greater than 99.8% removal from the subsurface due to steam stripping.
+#'''Confidential Site:''' ''In situ'' treatment of [[1,4-Dioxane]] using ERH, resulting in a greater than 99.8% removal from the subsurface due to steam stripping<ref name="Oberle2015"/>.
-#'''Sioux Army Depot Site:''' ERH used to demonstrate effective hydrolysis of [[wikipedia:RDX|RDX]], [[wikipedia:TNT|TNT]], [[wikipedia:HMX|HMX]] and other [[Munitions Constituents|munitions compounds]].
+#'''Sioux Army Depot Site:''' ERH used to demonstrate effective hydrolysis of [[wikipedia:RDX|RDX]], [[wikipedia:TNT|TNT]], [[wikipedia:HMX|HMX]] and other [[Munitions Constituents|munitions compounds]]<ref name="Maxwell2020"/>.
 These case studies illustrate the type of sites addressed with ERH. Common themes are (1) significant source contamination, (2) advances with heat enhanced abiotic and biotic processes.

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 Target treatment temperatures are typically 90-100°C. Additionally, low temperature ERH has been implemented at sites where the remedial goal is enhancing abiotic and biotic processes, such as the biodegradation of chlorinated solvents<ref name="Truex2007">Truex, M., Powell, T. and Lynch, K., 2007. In Situ Dechlorination of TCH during Aquifer Heating. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 27(2), pp. 96-105. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2007.00141.x]</ref> or hydrolysis of munition compounds<ref name="Maxwell2020">Maxwell, M., Crownover, E., and Crane, C., 2020. Heat Enhanced Hydrolysis of Energetic Compounds and Field Results. US EPA Clu-In SAME Webinar. https://clu-in.org/conf/tio/DCHWS7_040820/ </ref>.
-ERH is scalable and well-suited for small shallow sites or large deep sites, and when properly implemented it can lead to effective site closure. ERH is very tolerant of subsurface heterogeneities and performs as well in low permeability clays and silts as higher permeability sands and gravels. When combined with [[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], effective solutions are available for sites with substantial groundwater flow as well<ref name="Heron2005">Heron, G., Carroll, S. and Nielsen, S.G., 2005. Full‐Scale Removal of DNAPL Constituents Using Steam‐Enhanced Extraction and Electrical Resistance Heating. Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 25(4), pp. 92-107. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00060.x doi:10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00060.x]&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.881.4134&rep=rep1&type=pdf Free Download]</ref>. When the treatment zone is well delineated, and the ERH system designed and implemented correctly, high removal efficiencies can be achieved.
+ERH is scalable and well-suited for small shallow sites or large deep sites, and when properly implemented it can lead to effective site closure. ERH is very tolerant of subsurface heterogeneities and performs as well in low permeability clays and silts as higher permeability sands and gravels<ref name="Beyke2005">Beyke, G., Fleming, D., 2005. ''In Situ'' Thermal Remediation of DNAPL and LNAPL Using Electrical Resistance Heating. Remediation Journal, 15(3), pp. 5-22. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.20047 DOI: 10.1002/rem.20047]</ref>. When combined with [[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], effective solutions are available for sites with substantial groundwater flow as well<ref name="Heron2005">Heron, G., Carroll, S. and Nielsen, S.G., 2005. Full‐Scale Removal of DNAPL Constituents Using Steam‐Enhanced Extraction and Electrical Resistance Heating. Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, 25(4), pp. 92-107. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00060.x doi:10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00060.x]&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.881.4134&rep=rep1&type=pdf Free Download]</ref>. When the treatment zone is well delineated, and the ERH system designed and implemented correctly, high removal efficiencies can be achieved.
 ==Example Case Studies==

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 *[http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580) Cleaning Contaminated Soil Using Electrical Heating and Air Stripping]<ref name="Buettner1995">Buettner, H.M. and Daily, W.D., 1995. Cleaning Contaminated Soil Using Electrical Heating and Air Stripping. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 121(8), pp. 580-589. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580) doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:8(580)]</ref>
-*[http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration]<ref name="Gauglitz1994">Gauglitz, P.; Roberts, J.; Bergman, T.; Schalla, R.; Caley, S.; Schlender, M.; Heath, W.; Jarosch, T.; Miller, M.; Eddy-Dilek, C.; Moss, R.; Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland WA, USA. 72 pages. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media:Gauglitz1994PNL10184.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>
+*[http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration]<ref name="Gauglitz1994">Gauglitz, P.; Roberts, J.; Bergman, T.; Schalla, R.; Caley, S.; Schlender, M.; Heath, W.; Jarosch, T.; Miller, M.; Eddy-Dilek, C.; Moss, R.; Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds In Non-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland WA, USA. 72 pages. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media:Gauglitz1994.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>
 *[https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.10075 Electro-Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for In Situ Remediation Under an Occupied Apartment Building]<ref name="McGee2003">McGee, B.C., 2003. Electro‐Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for in situ remediation under an occupied apartment building. Remediation Journal, 13(3), pp. 67-79. [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.10075 doi:10.1002/rem.10075]</ref>