Thermal Remediation - Revision history

Admin at 02:27, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:27:19Z

Admin at 02:26, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:26:51Z

Admin at 02:26, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:26:26Z

Admin at 02:25, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:25:01Z

Admin at 02:23, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:23:51Z

Jhurley at 13:41, 11 December 2020

2020-12-11T13:41:25Z

Jhurley: /* Introduction */

2020-12-10T18:35:54Z

‎Introduction

Jhurley at 18:33, 10 December 2020

2020-12-10T18:33:59Z

Jhurley at 18:31, 10 December 2020

2020-12-10T18:31:08Z

Jhurley: /* Contaminant Extraction and Treatment */

2020-12-10T18:27:32Z

‎Contaminant Extraction and Treatment

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating |Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Smoldering]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Smoldering|Smoldering]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Steam |Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies|Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Smoldering]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]: Steam is generated at the surface and injected into wells, sweeping to extraction wells for liquid and vapor removal<ref>Udell, K.S., Sitar, N., Hunt, J.R. and Stewart Jr, L.D., 1991. Process for In Situ Decontamination of Subsurface Soil and Groundwater.  The Regents of The University of California, U.S. Patent 5,018,576.</ref>.
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]: Electrodes deliver electricity and water to the subsurface, and heating occurs as the electricity meets ohmic resistance in the subsurface. Vapors are typically extracted either from the electrodes or from separate extraction wells<ref>Gauglitz, P.; Roberts, J.; Bergman, T.; Schalla, R.; Caley, S.; Schlender, M.; Heath, W.; Jarosch, T.; Miller, M.; Eddy-Dilek, C.; Moss, R.; Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds in Non-Arid Soils. Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, WA, USA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/ef/Gauglitz1994.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>.
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]: Electrodes deliver electricity and water to the subsurface, and heating occurs as the electricity meets ohmic resistance in the subsurface. Vapors are typically extracted either from the electrodes or from separate extraction wells<ref>Gauglitz, P.; Roberts, J.; Bergman, T.; Schalla, R.; Caley, S.; Schlender, M.; Heath, W.; Jarosch, T.; Miller, M.; Eddy-Dilek, C.; Moss, R.; Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds in Non-Arid Soils. Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, WA, USA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/ef/Gauglitz1994.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>.
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]: Simple heater borings transfer heat (no fluids) to the subsurface, and chemicals are removed by liquid and vapor extraction wells<ref name="Stegemeier2001">Stegemeier, G.L. and Vinegar, H.J., 2001. Thermal Conduction Heating for ''In-situ'' Thermal Desorption of Soils. Chapter 4.6-1 in: Chang H. Oh (ed.), Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 792 pages. [https://www.crcpress.com/Hazardous-and-Radioactive-Waste-Treatment-Technologies-Handbook/Oh/p/book/9780849395864 ISBN 9780849395864]&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.terratherm.com/pdf/white%20papers/paper18-11-6-09.pdf Free download].</ref>.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <onlyinclude>''In&nbsp;situ''&nbsp;thermal&nbsp;remediation (ISTR) has gained wide acceptance over the last 20 years. It is now considered an accepted contaminant source reduction technology with a high degree of certainty for achieving remedial objectives. ISTR consists of heating subsurface groundwater and the vadose zone to facilitate volatilization or other contaminant removal mechanisms, followed by contaminant extraction and treatment. The three major ISTR technologies are [[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]] and [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]. Technology selection depends on specific site conditions, contaminant properties, and remedial objectives. At many sites, thermal technologies can be combined with less aggressive remediation methods for complete site and plume restoration.&nbsp;&nbsp;</onlyinclude>(See also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]])
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s):'''
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]]
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 [[File:Heron-Article 1. Figure 1.PNG|400px|thumbnail|left|Figure 1. Candidate site for ISTR application with significant NAPL source material.]][[File:Heron1w1Fig2r.png|right|400 px|thumbnail|right|Figure 2. The three most commonly used ''in situ'' thermal technologies. (See text for acronym definitions).]]
-<onlyinclude>ISTR&nbsp;is&nbsp;typically&nbsp;used for source zones where conventional and less costly methods such as [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) | ''in situ'' chemical oxidation]] and enhanced bioremediation are not effective</onlyinclude><ref name="Davis1997" /><ref>Hunt, J.R., Sitar, N. and Udell, K.S., 1988. Nonaqueous phase liquid transport and cleanup: 1. Analysis of mechanisms. Water Resources Research, 24(8), 1247-1258. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr024i008p01247 doi: 10.1029/WR024i008p01247]</ref><ref>Udell, K.S., 1996. Heat and Mass Transfer in Clean-up of Underground Toxic Wastes. In: Annual Reviews of Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, Chang-Lin Tien, Ed.; Begell House, Inc.: New York, Wallingford, UK, pgs. 333-405.  [http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.v7.80 doi: 10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.v7.80]</ref>. For example, ISTR might be applied to a contaminated site where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) has migrated to significant depth and constitutes a source zone (Figure 1)<onlyinclude>.  </onlyinclude>
+<onlyinclude>ISTR&nbsp;is&nbsp;typically&nbsp;used for source zones where conventional and less costly methods such as [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) | ''in situ'' chemical oxidation]] and enhanced bioremediation are not effective</onlyinclude><ref name="Davis1997" /><ref>Hunt, J.R., Sitar, N. and Udell, K.S., 1988. Nonaqueous phase liquid transport and cleanup: 1. Analysis of mechanisms. Water Resources Research, 24(8), 1247-1258. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr024i008p01247 doi: 10.1029/WR024i008p01247]</ref><ref>Udell, K.S., 1996. Heat and Mass Transfer in Clean-up of Underground Toxic Wastes. In: Annual Reviews of Heat Transfer, Vol. 7, Chang-Lin Tien, Ed.; Begell House, Inc.: New York, Wallingford, UK, pgs. 333-405.  [http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/annualrevheattransfer.v7.80 doi: 10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.v7.80]</ref>. For example, ISTR might be applied to a contaminated site where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) has migrated to significant depth and constitutes a source zone (Figure 1)<onlyinclude>.</onlyinclude>
 Most ''in situ'' thermal technologies were originally developed and applied by the oil industry to enhance oil recovery. The most widely-used technologies are listed below (Figure 2):
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]: Steam is generated at the surface and injected into wells, sweeping to extraction wells for liquid and vapor removal<ref>Udell, K.S., Sitar, N., Hunt, J.R. and Stewart Jr, L.D., 1991. Process for In Situ Decontamination of Subsurface Soil and Groundwater.  The Regents of The University of California, U.S. Patent 5,018,576.</ref>.
-*[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]: Electrodes deliver electricity and water to the subsurface, and heating occurs as the electricity meets ohmic resistance in the subsurface. Vapors are typically extracted either from the electrodes or from separate extraction wells<ref>Gauglitz, P.; Roberts, J.; Bergman, T.; Schalla, R.; Caley, S.; Schlender, M.; Heath, W.; Jarosch, T.; Miller, M.; Eddy-Dilek, C.; Moss, R.; Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds in Non-Arid Soils. Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, WA, USA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media: Gauglitz1994.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>.
+*[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]: Electrodes deliver electricity and water to the subsurface, and heating occurs as the electricity meets ohmic resistance in the subsurface. Vapors are typically extracted either from the electrodes or from separate extraction wells<ref>Gauglitz, P.; Roberts, J.; Bergman, T.; Schalla, R.; Caley, S.; Schlender, M.; Heath, W.; Jarosch, T.; Miller, M.; Eddy-Dilek, C.; Moss, R.; Looney, B., 1994. Six-Phase Soil Heating for Enhanced Removal of Contaminants: Volatile Organic Compounds in Non-Arid Soils. Integrated Demonstration, Savannah River Site. Report No. PNL-10184, UC-406. Pacific Northwest Laboratory, WA, USA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982 doi: 10.2172/10193982]&nbsp;&nbsp; [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/ef/Gauglitz1994.pdf  Report.pdf]</ref>.
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]: Simple heater borings transfer heat (no fluids) to the subsurface, and chemicals are removed by liquid and vapor extraction wells<ref name="Stegemeier2001">Stegemeier, G.L. and Vinegar, H.J., 2001. Thermal Conduction Heating for ''In-situ'' Thermal Desorption of Soils. Chapter 4.6-1 in: Chang H. Oh (ed.), Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 792 pages. [https://www.crcpress.com/Hazardous-and-Radioactive-Waste-Treatment-Technologies-Handbook/Oh/p/book/9780849395864 ISBN 9780849395864]&nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.terratherm.com/pdf/white%20papers/paper18-11-6-09.pdf Free download].</ref>.
@@ Line 34: / Line 35: @@
 |+Table 1. Characteristics of the three main thermal technologies
 |-
-−
+!
-! TCH
+!TCH
-! ERH
+!ERH
-! SEE
+!SEE
 |-
-| Heat transfer to ground || Thermal conduction || Ohmic resistance || Steam injected directly
+|Heat transfer to ground||Thermal conduction||Ohmic resistance||Steam injected directly
 |-
-| Maximum temperature achievable || >400&deg;C ||Boiling point of water || Boiling point of water
+|Maximum temperature achievable||>400&deg;C||Boiling point of water||Boiling point of water
 |-
-| Injected fluids	|| None	|| Water, saline ||	Steam
+|Injected fluids||None||Water, saline||Steam
 |-
-| Most applicable geology ||	All except zones with high</br>groundwater flow ||	All, well-suited for tight materials</br>such as clays and silts || Permeable zones
+|Most applicable geology||All except zones with high<br>groundwater flow||All, well-suited for tight materials<br>such as clays and silts||Permeable zones
 |-
-| Contaminants treated || All organics including SVOCs || VOCs, partial treatment of SVOCs || VOCs, partial treatment of SVOCs
+|Contaminants treated||All organics including SVOCs||VOCs, partial treatment of SVOCs||VOCs, partial treatment of SVOCs
 |-
-| Applicability in bedrock || Yes, simple heating || Porous rock with modest resistivity || Poor – preferential flow in fractures
+|Applicability in bedrock||Yes, simple heating||Porous rock with modest resistivity||Poor – preferential flow in fractures
 |-
-| Scaling with depth || Simple heaters extended || Multiple elements stacked, if needed ||Steam wells installed readily
+|Scaling with depth||Simple heaters extended||Multiple elements stacked, if needed||Steam wells installed readily
 |}
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 ==Contaminant Extraction and Treatment==
 <onlyinclude>Since the goal of ISTR is to make chemicals of concern more mobile either in liquid or vapor form, subsequent extraction and capture of those COCs is essential. </onlyinclude> A site-specific analysis should determine the strategy for extraction. Because of the increased mobility of the COCs, hydraulic control must be maintained either by the use of barriers, or more often by extracting more fluids than injected for heating. Inward hydraulic gradients must be demonstrated and maintained during the heating period. Pneumatic control should be maintained by using tight vapor covers and by extracting sufficient quantities of air and steam to create a vacuum in the unsaturated part of the treatment zone.
 Extracted liquids and vapors are typically cooled, separated, and treated using standard liquid and vapor treatment methods such as gravity separation, charcoal filtration, thermal oxidation, or filtering.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <onlyinclude>''In&nbsp;situ''&nbsp;thermal&nbsp;remediation (ISTR) has gained wide acceptance over the last 20 years. It is now considered an accepted contaminant source reduction technology with a high degree of certainty for achieving remedial objectives. ISTR consists of heating subsurface groundwater and the vadose zone to facilitate volatilization or other contaminant removal mechanisms, followed by contaminant extraction and treatment. The three major ISTR technologies are [[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]] and [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]. Technology selection depends on specific site conditions, contaminant properties, and remedial objectives. At many sites, thermal technologies can be combined with less aggressive remediation methods for complete site and plume restoration.&nbsp;&nbsp;</onlyinclude>(See also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]])
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Steam | Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]]
 *[[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating | Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]]
@@ Line 12: / Line 10: @@
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]
+'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Gorm Heron]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 11 December 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	<onlyinclude>''In situ'' thermal remediation (ISTR) has gained wide acceptance over the last 20 years. It is now considered an accepted contaminant source reduction technology with a high degree of certainty for achieving remedial objectives. ISTR consists of heating subsurface groundwater and the vadose zone to facilitate volatilization or other contaminant removal mechanisms, followed by contaminant extraction and treatment. The three major ISTR technologies are [[Thermal Remediation - Steam \| Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating \| Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]] and [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]. Technology selection depends on specific site conditions, contaminant properties, and remedial objectives. At many sites, thermal technologies can be combined with less aggressive remediation methods for complete site and plume restoration.  </onlyinclude>(See also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]])	+	<onlyinclude>''In situ'' thermal remediation (ISTR) has gained wide acceptance over the last 20 years. It is now considered an accepted contaminant source reduction technology with a high degree of certainty for achieving remedial objectives. ISTR consists of heating subsurface groundwater and the vadose zone to facilitate volatilization or other contaminant removal mechanisms, followed by contaminant extraction and treatment. The three major ISTR technologies are [[Thermal Remediation - Steam \| Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating \| Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]] and [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]. Technology selection depends on specific site conditions, contaminant properties, and remedial objectives. At many sites, thermal technologies can be combined with less aggressive remediation methods for complete site and plume restoration.  </onlyinclude>(See also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]])

	<div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>		<div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:33, 10 December 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	<onlyinclude>''In situ'' thermal remediation (ISTR) has gained wide acceptance over the last 20 years. It is now considered an accepted contaminant source reduction technology with a high degree of certainty for achieving remedial objectives. ISTR consists of heating subsurface groundwater and the vadose zone to facilitate volatilization or other contaminant removal mechanisms, followed by contaminant extraction and treatment. The three major ISTR technologies are [[Thermal Remediation - Steam \| Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating \| Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]] and [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]. Technology selection depends on specific site conditions, contaminant properties, and remedial objectives. At many sites, thermal technologies can be combined with less aggressive remediation methods for complete site and plume restoration.	+	<onlyinclude>''In situ'' thermal remediation (ISTR) has gained wide acceptance over the last 20 years. It is now considered an accepted contaminant source reduction technology with a high degree of certainty for achieving remedial objectives. ISTR consists of heating subsurface groundwater and the vadose zone to facilitate volatilization or other contaminant removal mechanisms, followed by contaminant extraction and treatment. The three major ISTR technologies are [[Thermal Remediation - Steam \| Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE)]], [[Thermal Remediation - Electrical Resistance Heating \| Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)]] and [[Thermal Conduction Heating (TCH)]]. Technology selection depends on specific site conditions, contaminant properties, and remedial objectives. At many sites, thermal technologies can be combined with less aggressive remediation methods for complete site and plume restoration.  </onlyinclude>(See also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]])
−	</onlyinclude> (See also [[Thermal Remediation - Combined Remedies]])

	<div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>		<div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ==Contaminant Extraction and Treatment==
-Since the goal of ISTR is to make chemicals of concern more mobile either in liquid or vapor form, subsequent extraction and capture of those COCs is essential. A site-specific analysis should determine the strategy for extraction. Because of the increased mobility of the COCs, hydraulic control must be maintained either by the use of barriers, or more often by extracting more fluids than injected for heating. Inward hydraulic gradients must be demonstrated and maintained during the heating period. Pneumatic control should be maintained by using tight vapor covers and by extracting sufficient quantities of air and steam to create a vacuum in the unsaturated part of the treatment zone.
+<onlyinclude>Since the goal of ISTR is to make chemicals of concern more mobile either in liquid or vapor form, subsequent extraction and capture of those COCs is essential.</onlyinclude> A site-specific analysis should determine the strategy for extraction. Because of the increased mobility of the COCs, hydraulic control must be maintained either by the use of barriers, or more often by extracting more fluids than injected for heating. Inward hydraulic gradients must be demonstrated and maintained during the heating period. Pneumatic control should be maintained by using tight vapor covers and by extracting sufficient quantities of air and steam to create a vacuum in the unsaturated part of the treatment zone.
 Extracted liquids and vapors are typically cooled, separated, and treated using standard liquid and vapor treatment methods such as gravity separation, charcoal filtration, thermal oxidation, or filtering.