Rborden: change PFASs to PFAS

2018-12-03T14:36:49Z

change PFASs to PFAS

Rborden: change PFASs to PFAS

2018-12-03T14:35:06Z

change PFASs to PFAS

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2018-05-04T20:57:39Z

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2018-05-04T20:53:50Z

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Rborden at 16:58, 4 May 2018

2018-05-04T16:58:29Z

Rborden at 15:58, 4 May 2018

2018-05-04T15:58:29Z

Rborden at 14:58, 4 May 2018

2018-05-04T14:58:29Z

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 | Michigan Department of Environmental Quality|| [[Media:Deeb-Article_1-Table_2-L16-Groundwater_nonresidential_generic_cleanup_criteria_and_screening_levels.pdf|Groundwater Nonresidential Generic Cleanup Criteria and Screening Levels]]|| style="text-align:center;"|0.5||style="text-align:center;"| 0.28 || || ||
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-|Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Texas Risk Reduction Program|| [http://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/remediation/trrp/pcls2014.xlsx Protective Concentration Levels for 16 PFASs for Several Different Exposure Scenarios (Groundwater)]|| || || || ||
+|Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Texas Risk Reduction Program|| [http://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/remediation/trrp/pcls2014.xlsx Protective Concentration Levels for 16 PFAS for Several Different Exposure Scenarios (Groundwater)]|| || || || ||
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 |Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation|| [http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/guidance_forms/docs/Interim%20Tech%20Memo%20-%20DEC%20cleanup%20levels%20and%20EPA%20HAs%20for%20PFOS%20and%20PFOA%20August%202016%20Final.pdf Cleanup Levels]||style="text-align:center;" |0.4||style="text-align:center;"| 0.4|| || ||
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 |Maine Department of Environmental Protection||[[Media:Deeb-Article_1-Table_2-L22-ME-Remedial_Action_guidelines.pdf|Remedial Action Guidelines for different exposure scenarios]]||style="text-align:center;"|11-82|| || || ||
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-|Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Texas Risk Reduction Program ||[http://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/remediation/trrp/pcls2014.xlsx Protective Concentration Levels for 16 PFASs for Several Different Exposure Scenarios (Soil)] || || || || ||
+|Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Texas Risk Reduction Program ||[http://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/remediation/trrp/pcls2014.xlsx Protective Concentration Levels for 16 PFAS for Several Different Exposure Scenarios (Soil)] || || || || ||
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 |Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation|| [http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/csp/guidance_forms/docs/Interim%20Tech%20Memo%20-%20DEC%20cleanup%20levels%20and%20EPA%20HAs%20for%20PFOS%20and%20PFOA%20August%202016%20Final.pdf Cleanup Level, Arctic Zone]||style="text-align:center;" |2.2||style="text-align:center;"| 2.2|| || ||
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 Most commercial laboratories use a modified version of U.S. EPA Method 537 for the analysis of PFAS in drinking water. This method consists of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Analytes include PFOS, PFOA, and typically 12 other PFAS (mostly perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorosulfonic acids) of varying carbon chain length. Specialty laboratories have modified this analytical method for matrices other than drinking water, to better recover shorter-chain compounds, or achieve lower detection limits.
-Commercial laboratories that can quantify an even broader suite of PFAS (e.g., those known to be present in AFFF formulations and degrade to form PFOA and PFOS) are rare. An analytical method to detect several families of PFAS precursors<ref>TerMaath, S., J. Field and C. Higgins, 2016. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): Analytical and characterization frontiers. [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Tools-and-Training/Webinar-Series/01-28-2016 Webinar Series]</ref>. There is also the Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) assay, a bulk measurement of precursors that can be oxidized to perfluorocarboxylates<ref>Houtz, E.F., Higgins, C.P., Field, J.A. and Sedlak, D.L., 2013. Persistence of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in AFFF-impacted groundwater and soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(15), 8187-8195. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4018877 doi: 10.1021/es4018877]</ref>. Other approaches to quantify the total amount of organic fluorine in water samples include particle induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) and absorbable organic fluorine (AOF)<ref>Willach, S., Brauch, H.J. and Lange, F.T., 2016. Contribution of selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the adsorbable organically bound fluorine in German rivers and in a highly contaminated groundwater. Chemosphere, 145, 342-350. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.113 doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.113]</ref>.
+Commercial laboratories that can quantify an even broader suite of PFAS (e.g., those known to be present in AFFF formulations and degrade to form PFOA and PFOS) are rare. An analytical method to detect several families of PFAS precursors<ref>TerMaath, S., J. Field and C. Higgins, 2016. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Analytical and characterization frontiers. [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Tools-and-Training/Webinar-Series/01-28-2016 Webinar Series]</ref>. There is also the Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) assay, a bulk measurement of precursors that can be oxidized to perfluorocarboxylates<ref>Houtz, E.F., Higgins, C.P., Field, J.A. and Sedlak, D.L., 2013. Persistence of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in AFFF-impacted groundwater and soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(15), 8187-8195. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4018877 doi: 10.1021/es4018877]</ref>. Other approaches to quantify the total amount of organic fluorine in water samples include particle induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) and absorbable organic fluorine (AOF)<ref>Willach, S., Brauch, H.J. and Lange, F.T., 2016. Contribution of selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the adsorbable organically bound fluorine in German rivers and in a highly contaminated groundwater. Chemosphere, 145, 342-350. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.113 doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.113]</ref>.
-The cost-effectiveness of high-resolution site characterization methods for PFAS is currently limited due to the lack of a reliable analytical method that can be used in the field as a screening method. Several research groups have attempted to design a field-ready mobile analytical method. For example, United Science LLC is developing ion selective electrodes to measure PFOS at ng/L levels<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. Final report: field deployable PFCs sensors for contaminated soil screening. EPA contract number EPD14012. [https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/10230/report/F Report pdf]</ref>. Geosyntec Consultants and Eurofins Eaton Analytical are developing a mobile field unit for screening PFOS and other PFASs to ng/L levels<ref>Deeb, R., Chambon, J., Haghani, A., and Eaton, A., 2016. Development and testing of an analytical method for real time measurement of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Presented at the Battelle Chlorinated Conference, Palm Springs, CA.</ref>.
+The cost-effectiveness of high-resolution site characterization methods for PFAS is currently limited due to the lack of a reliable analytical method that can be used in the field as a screening method. Several research groups have attempted to design a field-ready mobile analytical method. For example, United Science LLC is developing ion selective electrodes to measure PFOS at ng/L levels<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015. Final report: field deployable PFCs sensors for contaminated soil screening. EPA contract number EPD14012. [https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/10230/report/F Report pdf]</ref>. Geosyntec Consultants and Eurofins Eaton Analytical are developing a mobile field unit for screening PFOS and other PFAS to ng/L levels<ref>Deeb, R., Chambon, J., Haghani, A., and Eaton, A., 2016. Development and testing of an analytical method for real time measurement of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Presented at the Battelle Chlorinated Conference, Palm Springs, CA.</ref>.
 ==Fate and Transport==
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 *'''Other effects of microbes''': Some microbes, in the presence of PFOA, aggregate and produce extracellular polymeric substances<ref>Weathers, T.S., Higgins, C.P. and Sharp, J.O., 2015. Enhanced biofilm production by a toluene-degrading rhodococcus observed after exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(9), 5458-5466. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es5060034 doi: 10.1021/es5060034]</ref>. Microbes also facilitate PFAS leaching under methanogenic conditions common at municipal solid waste landfills<ref>Allred, B.M., Lang, J.R., Barlaz, M.A. and Field, J.A., 2015. Physical and biological release of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from municipal solid waste in anaerobic model landfill reactors. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(13), 7648-7656. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01040 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01040]</ref>. Depending on the conditions, microbial activity may therefore enhance the mobility of compounds like PFOS and PFOA or hypothetically have the opposite effect by increasing sorption.
-*'''Effect of co-contaminants and co-contaminant remediation strategies''': Interactions between PFAS and non-aqueous phase liquids can retard PFAS migration<ref>Guelfo, J. 2013. Subsurface fate and transport of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Colorado School of Mines. [[Media:Guelfo-2013-Subsuface_fate_and_transport_of_Poly-and_perfluoroalkyl_substances.pdf|Thesis]]</ref>. TCE dechlorination can be inhibited by PFASs<ref>Weathers, T.S., Harding-Marjanovic, K., Higgins, C.P., Alvarez-Cohen, L. and Sharp, J.O., 2015. Perfluoroalkyl acids inhibit reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene by repressing dehalococcoides. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(1), 240-248. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04854 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04854]</ref> and that inhibition depends both on PFAS structure and<ref>Harding-Marjanovic, K.C., Yi, S., Weathers, T.S., Sharp, J.O., Sedlak, D.L. and Alvarez-Cohen, L., 2016. Effects of Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) on Trichloroethene (TCE) Dechlorination by a Dehalococcoides mccartyi-Containing Microbial Community. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(7), 3352-3361. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04773 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04773]</ref>. PFAS precursors degraded to form PFOA and other PFAS at a former fire-fighting training area at Ellsworth Air Force Base, where several remediation methods, including soil vapor extraction, groundwater pump and treat, bioventing, and oxygen infusion were used to treat co-contaminants<ref name= "McGuire2014"/>.
+*'''Effect of co-contaminants and co-contaminant remediation strategies''': Interactions between PFAS and non-aqueous phase liquids can retard PFAS migration<ref>Guelfo, J. 2013. Subsurface fate and transport of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Colorado School of Mines. [[Media:Guelfo-2013-Subsuface_fate_and_transport_of_Poly-and_perfluoroalkyl_substances.pdf|Thesis]]</ref>. TCE dechlorination can be inhibited by PFAS<ref>Weathers, T.S., Harding-Marjanovic, K., Higgins, C.P., Alvarez-Cohen, L. and Sharp, J.O., 2015. Perfluoroalkyl acids inhibit reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene by repressing dehalococcoides. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(1), 240-248. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04854 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04854]</ref> and that inhibition depends both on PFAS structure and<ref>Harding-Marjanovic, K.C., Yi, S., Weathers, T.S., Sharp, J.O., Sedlak, D.L. and Alvarez-Cohen, L., 2016. Effects of Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) on Trichloroethene (TCE) Dechlorination by a Dehalococcoides mccartyi-Containing Microbial Community. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(7), 3352-3361. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04773 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04773]</ref>. PFAS precursors degraded to form PFOA and other PFAS at a former fire-fighting training area at Ellsworth Air Force Base, where several remediation methods, including soil vapor extraction, groundwater pump and treat, bioventing, and oxygen infusion were used to treat co-contaminants<ref name= "McGuire2014"/>.
 ==Soil and Groundwater Remediation==
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 For groundwater, management options include the following: 1) in situ treatment, 2) ex situ treatment and/or reuse, aquifer reinjection, or discharge to surface water, stormwater, or sewer, 3) temporary on-site storage, and 4) off-site disposal to a hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility. The most common remediation approach is to use pump-and-treat with granular activated carbon followed by off-site incineration of the spent activated carbon. This technology has been used for years at full scale<ref name= "Appleman2014">Appleman, T.D., Higgins, C.P., Quinones, O., Vanderford, B.J., Kolstad, C., Zeigler-Holady, J.C. and Dickenson, E.R., 2014. Treatment of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances in US full-scale water treatment systems. Water Research, 51, 246-255. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067  doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067 ]</ref>. However, granular activated carbon has a relatively low capacity for PFAS particularly when shorter-chain compounds are present. Sorption capacity improvement tests have been conducted on various forms of granular and powdered activated carbon, ion exchange, and other sorbent materials and mixtures of clay, powdered activated carbon, and other sorbents<ref>Du, Z., Deng, S., Bei, Y., Huang, Q., Wang, B., Huang, J. and Yu, G., 2014. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents-A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 274, 443-454. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.038 doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.038]</ref>.
-Other methods for ex situ PFAS removal include high-pressure membrane treatment using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis. Membrane technologies at full-scale municipal water treatment facilities have effectively removed PFAS<ref name= "Appleman2014"/>. For typical environmental remediation applications, however, membrane treatment has a higher cost than activated carbon and effectiveness can be impaired by other groundwater contaminants<ref>Department of the Navy (DON). 2015. Interim perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) guidance/frequently asked questions. [[Media:Dept_of_Navy-_2015-Interim_Perfluorinated_Compounds_Frequently_asked_questions.pdf|FAQs]]</ref>. Neutral PFASs, such as the perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, may not be sufficiently removed<ref>Steinle-Darling, E. and Reinhard, M., 2008. Nanofiltration for trace organic contaminant removal: structure, solution, and membrane fouling effects on the rejection of perfluorochemicals. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (14), 5292–5297. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es703207s doi: 10.1021/es703207s]</ref>.
+Other methods for ex situ PFAS removal include high-pressure membrane treatment using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis. Membrane technologies at full-scale municipal water treatment facilities have effectively removed PFAS<ref name= "Appleman2014"/>. For typical environmental remediation applications, however, membrane treatment has a higher cost than activated carbon and effectiveness can be impaired by other groundwater contaminants<ref>Department of the Navy (DON). 2015. Interim perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) guidance/frequently asked questions. [[Media:Dept_of_Navy-_2015-Interim_Perfluorinated_Compounds_Frequently_asked_questions.pdf|FAQs]]</ref>. Neutral PFAS, such as the perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, may not be sufficiently removed<ref>Steinle-Darling, E. and Reinhard, M., 2008. Nanofiltration for trace organic contaminant removal: structure, solution, and membrane fouling effects on the rejection of perfluorochemicals. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (14), 5292–5297. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es703207s doi: 10.1021/es703207s]</ref>.
 ==PFAS Treatment Research==

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Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) - Revision history

Rborden: change PFASs to PFAS

Rborden: change PFASs to PFAS

Admin: 1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

Rborden at 16:58, 4 May 2018

Rborden at 15:58, 4 May 2018

Rborden at 14:58, 4 May 2018