Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - Revision history

Admin at 19:36, 2 March 2026

2026-03-02T19:36:17Z

Admin at 21:00, 11 February 2026

2026-02-11T21:00:42Z

Jhurley at 13:54, 29 January 2026

2026-01-29T13:54:21Z

Admin at 22:51, 23 January 2026

2026-01-23T22:51:03Z

Admin at 17:45, 31 December 2025

2025-12-31T17:45:49Z

Admin at 03:45, 7 August 2025

2025-08-07T03:45:04Z

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2025-02-21T22:50:57Z

Admin: /* See Also */

2024-10-31T19:23:33Z

‎See Also

Jhurley at 22:51, 14 October 2024

2024-10-14T22:51:16Z

Jhurley: /* Sampling and Analytical Methods */

2024-10-14T21:43:12Z

‎Sampling and Analytical Methods

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 *[[Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment (HALT)]]
 *[[Lysimeters for Measuring PFAS Concentrations in the Vadose Zone]]
 *[[PFAS Ex Situ Water Treatment]]
 *[[PFAS Monitored Retention (PMR) and PFAS Enhanced Retention (PER)]]

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 *[[Thermal Conduction Heating for Treatment of PFAS-Impacted Soil]]
 *[[Transition of Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Fire Suppression Infrastructure Impacted by Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)]]
 '''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Rula Deeb]], [[Dr. Jennifer Field]], Dr. Lydia Dorrance, [[Elisabeth Hawley]] and [[Dr. Christopher Higgins]]
 '''Key Resource(s):'''

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 *[//www.enviro.wiki/images/2/2a/USEPA-2014-Emerging_Contaminants_-_PFOS_and_PFOA_Fact_Sheet.pdf U.S. EPA Emerging Contaminants - PFOS and PFOA Fact Sheet]<ref name="USEPA2014">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-14-001. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/2/2a/USEPA-2014-Emerging_Contaminants_-_PFOS_and_PFOA_Fact_Sheet.pdf March Fact Sheet]</ref>
-*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminants_pfos_pfoa_11-20-17_508_0.pdf Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)<ref name="USEPA2017">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-17-001.</ref>][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]].
+*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminants_pfos_pfoa_11-20-17_508_0.pdf Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)<ref name="USEPA2017">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-17-001.</ref>].
 ==Introduction==

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 *[[Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment (HALT)]]
 *[[PFAS Ex Situ Water Treatment]]
 *[[PFAS Monitored Retention (PMR) and PFAS Enhanced Retention (PER)]]
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 *[[Soil & Groundwater Contaminants]]
 *[[Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO)]]
 *[[Transition of Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Fire Suppression Infrastructure Impacted by Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)]]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 *[[PFAS Soil Remediation Technologies]]
 *[[PFAS Sources]]
 *[[PFAS Transport and Fate]]
 *[[PFAS Treatment by Anion Exchange]]
 *[[PFAS Treatment by Electrical Discharge Plasma]]
 *[[Photoactivated Reductive Defluorination - PFAS Destruction]]
 *[[Soil & Groundwater Contaminants]]
 *[[Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO)]]

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 *[//www.enviro.wiki/images/2/2a/USEPA-2014-Emerging_Contaminants_-_PFOS_and_PFOA_Fact_Sheet.pdf U.S. EPA Emerging Contaminants - PFOS and PFOA Fact Sheet]<ref name="USEPA2014">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-14-001. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/2/2a/USEPA-2014-Emerging_Contaminants_-_PFOS_and_PFOA_Fact_Sheet.pdf March Fact Sheet]</ref>
-*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminants_pfos_pfoa_11-20-17_508_0.pdf Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)<ref name="USEPA2017">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-17-001.</ref>][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]].
+*[https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-12/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminants_pfos_pfoa_11-20-17_508_0.pdf Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)<ref name="USEPA2017">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017. Technical Fact Sheet: Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-17-001.</ref>][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]][[Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)#cite%20note-USEPA2017-2|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span>]].
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 ==See Also==
 *[https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-2423. In situ treatment train for remediation of perfluoroalkyl contaminated groundwater: In situ chemical oxidation of sorbed contaminants (ISCO-SC). SERDP/ESTCP Project ER-2423]
@@ Line 111: / Line 110: @@
 *[https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-2424/ER-2424/(language)/eng-US. Investigating Electrocatalytic and Catalytic Approaches for In Situ Treatment of Perfluoroalkyl Contaminants in Groundwater. SERDP/ESTCP project ER-2424]
 *[https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-2425/ER-2425/(language)/eng-US. Development of a Novel Approach for In Situ Remediation of Pfc Contaminated Groundwater Systems. SERDP/ESTCP project ER-2425]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:51, 14 October 2024
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−	'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Rula Deeb]], [[Dr. Jennifer Field]], [[Dr. Lydia Dorrance]], [[Elisabeth Hawley]] and [[Dr. Christopher Higgins]]	+	'''Contributor(s):''' [[Dr. Rula Deeb]], [[Dr. Jennifer Field]], Dr. Lydia Dorrance, [[Elisabeth Hawley]] and [[Dr. Christopher Higgins]]

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 Because of the presence of PFAS in many common consumer items and sampling materials, and the low reporting levels needed to compare to current regulatory guidelines, sampling for PFAS requires extra care to avoid cross contamination from other potential sources of PFAS. Most standard operating procedures and work plans advise avoiding the use of fluoropolymer-based (e.g., Teflon) components and recommend additional precautions related to sample containers, sampler clothing and handling of certain every-day items.
-Commercial laboratories analyze PFAS in drinking water samples using the EPA-approved method 537.1, which consists of [[wikipedia: Solid phase extraction |solid phase extraction]] and [[wikipedia: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry |liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry]]<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019. Method 537.1 Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). August. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=343042&Lab=NERL </ref>. Samples collected from any environmental media other than drinking water require a modified version of 537.1 to quantify approximately 24 individual PFAS compounds. An EPA method for some of these other media, Method 8327, was released for public comment in summer 2019<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019. SW-486 Update VII Announcements, Phase II – PFAS 8372 and 3512, July. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-update-vii-announcements </ref>. Some commercial laboratories can extend the target analyte list to include up to 40 compounds. Some commercial laboratories also offer an analytical method known as the Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) assay, which provides a bulk measurement of PFAS mass in a sample, including that of oxidizable precursors<ref>Houtz, E.F., and Sedlak, D.L., 2012. Oxidative conversion as a means of detecting precursors to perfluoroalkyl acids in urban runoff. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(17), 9342-9349. doi/10.1021/es302274g </ref><ref>Houtz, E.F., Higgins, C.P., Field, J.A. and Sedlak, D.L., 2013. Persistence of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in AFFF-impacted groundwater and soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(15), 8187-8195. doi: 10.1021/es4018877 </ref>. Other approaches to quantify the total amount of organic fluorine in water samples include [[wikipedia: Particle-induced gamma emission |particle induced gamma-ray emission]] (PIGE) and absorbable organic fluorine (AOF)<ref name="BirnbaumGrandjean2015" />.
+Commercial laboratories analyze PFAS in drinking water samples using the EPA-approved method 537.1, which consists of [[wikipedia: Solid phase extraction |solid phase extraction]] and [[wikipedia: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry |liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry]]<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019. Method 537.1 Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). August. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=343042&Lab=NERL </ref>. Samples collected from any environmental media other than drinking water require a modified version of 537.1 to quantify approximately 24 individual PFAS compounds. An EPA method for some of these other media, Method 8327, was released for public comment in summer 2019<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019. SW-486 Update VII Announcements, Phase II – PFAS 8372 and 3512, July. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-update-vii-announcements </ref>. Some commercial laboratories can extend the target analyte list to include up to 40 compounds. Some commercial laboratories also offer an analytical method known as the [[Wikipedia: TOP Assay | Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) Assay]], which provides a bulk measurement of PFAS mass in a sample, including that of oxidizable precursors<ref>Houtz, E.F., and Sedlak, D.L., 2012. Oxidative conversion as a means of detecting precursors to perfluoroalkyl acids in urban runoff. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(17), 9342-9349. doi/10.1021/es302274g </ref><ref>Houtz, E.F., Higgins, C.P., Field, J.A. and Sedlak, D.L., 2013. Persistence of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in AFFF-impacted groundwater and soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(15), 8187-8195. doi: 10.1021/es4018877 </ref>. Other approaches to quantify the total amount of organic fluorine in water samples include [[wikipedia: Particle-induced gamma emission |particle induced gamma-ray emission]] (PIGE) and absorbable organic fluorine (AOF)<ref name="BirnbaumGrandjean2015" />.
-−
 ==Fate and Transport==
 The processes of [[wikipedia: Sorption |sorption]] and biotransformation as well as the presence of co-contaminants can affect the fate and transport of PFAS. It has been observed that PFAAs exhibit affinity for solid-phase organic carbon to varying degrees depending in part on chain length and structure, with long-chain compounds exhibiting a stronger affinity than short-chain and PFSAs exhibiting a stronger affinity than PFCAs for a given chain length<ref>Higgins, C.P., and Luthy, R.G., 2006. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(23), 7251-7256. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061000n doi: 10.1021/es061000n]</ref>. Interactions with mineral phases, particularly ferric oxide materials, may also be important under certain conditions<ref name="Ferrey2012">Ferrey, M.L., Wilson, J.T., Adair, C., Su, C., Fine, D.D., Liu, X. and Washington, J.W., 2012. Behavior and fate of PFOA and PFOS in sandy aquifer sediment. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 32(4), 63-71. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01395.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01395.x]</ref><ref>Johnson, R.L., Anschutz, A.J., Smolen, J.M., Simcik, M.F. and Penn, R.L., 2007. The adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate onto sand, clay, and iron oxide surfaces. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 52(4), 1165-1170. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je060285g doi: 10.1021/je060285g]</ref>. At present, empirical site-specific sorption estimates are recommended to accurately predict PFAS mobility<ref name="Ferrey2012" />. PFAAs do not readily degrade in the environment. However, polyfluorinated forms may biotically or abiotically degrade to other intermediate forms and/or so-called “terminal,” recalcitrant PFAA forms, including PFOA and PFOS<ref name="Tseng2014">Tseng, N., Wang, N., Szostek, B. and Mahendra, S., 2014. Biotransformation of 6: 2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6: 2 FTOH) by a wood-rotting fungus. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(7), 4012-4020. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es4057483 doi:10.1021/es4057483]</ref><ref>Harding-Marjanovic, K.C., Houtz, E.F., Yi, S., Field, J.A., Sedlak, D.L. and Alvarez-Cohen, L., 2015. Aerobic biotransformation of fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (Lodyne) in AFFF-amended microcosms. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(13), pp.7666-7674. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01219 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01219]</ref><ref>Ellis, D.A., Martin, J.W., De Silva, A.O., Marbury, S.A., Hurley, M.D., Sulbaek Andersen, M.P., and T.J. Wallington, 2004. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: a likely atmospheric source of perfluoronated carboxylic acids. Environmental Science & Technology 38(12), 3316-3321. doi/10.1021/es049860w </ref>. As a result, these degradable PFAS are sometimes referred as PFAA “precursors.” Remediation of co-contaminants, particularly using techniques involving oxidation, can enhance the degradation of precursors. Interactions between PFAS and non-aqueous phase liquids can retard PFAS migration<ref>Guelfo, J. 2013. Subsurface fate and transport of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Colorado School of Mines. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/d/d8/Guelfo-2013-Subsuface_fate_and_transport_of_Poly-and_perfluoroalkyl_substances.pdf Thesis]</ref>