Munitions Constituents - Revision history

Admin at 03:49, 7 August 2025

2025-08-07T03:49:28Z

Jhurley: /* Fate and Transport in the Environment */

2025-05-20T20:13:18Z

‎Fate and Transport in the Environment

Jhurley: /* Fate and Transport in the Environment */

2025-05-20T20:10:23Z

‎Fate and Transport in the Environment

Jhurley: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */

2025-05-20T20:08:00Z

‎Physical and Chemical Properties

Jhurley: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */

2025-05-20T20:05:10Z

‎Physical and Chemical Properties

Jhurley: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */

2025-05-20T20:03:24Z

‎Physical and Chemical Properties

Jhurley: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */

2025-05-20T20:01:48Z

‎Physical and Chemical Properties

Jhurley at 19:55, 20 May 2025

2025-05-20T19:55:01Z

Jhurley: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */

2025-05-20T19:26:53Z

‎Physical and Chemical Properties

Admin at 17:16, 27 February 2025

2025-02-27T17:16:21Z

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 *[[Munitions Constituents - IM Toxicology]]
 *[[Munitions Constituents – Photolysis]]
 *[[Munitions Constituents – Sample Extraction and Analytical Techniques]]
 *[[Munitions Constituents - Soil Sampling]]

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 Much of the early work on environmental issues related to EM focused on concentrated sources including manufacturing facilities and locations where off-specification, unserviceable, and obsolete munitions were destroyed<ref>Spalding, R. and Fulton, J., 1988. Groundwater Munition Residues and Nitrate near Grand Island, Nebraska, USA. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2(2), 139-153 [https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6 doi:10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6]</ref> . More recently, attention has focused on potential contamination from military training when partial detonations deposit EM particles on range soils (see [[Munitions Constituents - Deposition]]). Once deposited on a range, the EM dissolves over time, a process thought to be the rate-limiting step for aqueous transport of these compounds to soil and groundwater. The mass of EM dissolved is a function of the aqueous solubility of the compound, the mass of explosive residues deposited on the soil, the size of individual residues, and the three-dimensional (3D) structure of formulations that have multiple constituents (see [[Munitions Constituents - Dissolution]]). During transport through the subsurface, EM migration is influenced by sorption to the solid phase (see [[Munitions Constituents - Sorption]]), as well as chemical transformation and biodegradation.
-However, the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested considerable resources to understand how these factors can be influenced, or how they operate in natural settings, to limit transport of EM in surface or groundwater.  In addition, a number of remediation strategies have been developed that address EM which have been applied both ''in situ'' and ''ex situ'' at DoD facilities.
+However, the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested considerable resources to understand how these factors can be influenced, or how they operate in natural settings, to limit transport of EM in surface or groundwater.  In addition, a number of remediation strategies have been developed and applied both ''in situ'' and ''ex situ'' at DoD facilities to address EM.
 ==References==

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 Much of the early work on environmental issues related to EM focused on concentrated sources including manufacturing facilities and locations where off-specification, unserviceable, and obsolete munitions were destroyed<ref>Spalding, R. and Fulton, J., 1988. Groundwater Munition Residues and Nitrate near Grand Island, Nebraska, USA. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2(2), 139-153 [https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6 doi:10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6]</ref> . More recently, attention has focused on potential contamination from military training when partial detonations deposit EM particles on range soils (see [[Munitions Constituents - Deposition]]). Once deposited on a range, the EM dissolves over time, a process thought to be the rate-limiting step for aqueous transport of these compounds to soil and groundwater. The mass of EM dissolved is a function of the aqueous solubility of the compound, the mass of explosive residues deposited on the soil, the size of individual residues, and the three-dimensional (3D) structure of formulations that have multiple constituents (see [[Munitions Constituents - Dissolution]]). During transport through the subsurface, EM migration is influenced by sorption to the solid phase (see [[Munitions Constituents - Sorption]]), as well as chemical transformation and biodegradation.
-However, the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested considerable resources to understand how these factors can be influenced, or how they operate in natural settings, to limit transport of EM in surface or groundwater.  In addition, a number of remediation strategies have been developed that address EM, and applied both in situ and ex situ at DoD facilities.
+However, the Department of Defense (DoD) has invested considerable resources to understand how these factors can be influenced, or how they operate in natural settings, to limit transport of EM in surface or groundwater.  In addition, a number of remediation strategies have been developed that address EM which have been applied both ''in situ'' and ''ex situ'' at DoD facilities.
 ==References==

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 |NTO||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=932-64-9&search=932-64-9 932-64-9]||C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub>||130.08||2000<sup>m</sup>||0.858<sup>m</sup>||
 |-
-|DNAN||119-27-7||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>||198.13<sup>j</sup>||213<sup>o, p</sup>||1.58<sup>o, p</sup>||1.E-4 (25°C)<sup>j</sup>
+|DNAN||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=119-27-7&search=119-27-7 119-27-7]||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>||198.13<sup>j</sup>||213<sup>o, p</sup>||1.58<sup>o, p</sup>||1.E-4 (25°C)<sup>j</sup>
 |-
 |NQ||[http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=556-88-7 556-88-7]||CH<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>||104.07||4,400<sup>n</sup>||-0.89<sup>j</sup>

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 |4-ADNT||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=19406-51-0&search=19406-51-0 19406-51-0]||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||2.0E-5<sup>a</sup>
 |-
-|NTO||932-64-9||C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub>||130.08||2000<sup>m</sup>||0.858<sup>m</sup>||
+|NTO||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=932-64-9&search=932-64-9 932-64-9]||C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub>||130.08||2000<sup>m</sup>||0.858<sup>m</sup>||
 |-
 |DNAN||119-27-7||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>||198.13<sup>j</sup>||213<sup>o, p</sup>||1.58<sup>o, p</sup>||1.E-4 (25°C)<sup>j</sup>

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 |2-ADNT||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=35572-78-2&search=35572-78-2 35572-78-2]||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||4.0E-5<sup>a</sup>
 |-
-|4-ADNT||19406-51-0||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||2.0E-5<sup>a</sup>
+|4-ADNT||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=19406-51-0&search=19406-51-0 19406-51-0]||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||2.0E-5<sup>a</sup>
 |-
 |NTO||932-64-9||C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub>||130.08||2000<sup>m</sup>||0.858<sup>m</sup>||

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 |2,6-DNT||[http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=606-20-2&terms=2%2c6-DNT 606-20-2]||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>6</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||182.15<sup>a</sup>||180 (22°C)<sup>f</sup>||1.72 or 2.10<sup>f</sup>||5.67E-4<sup>f</sup>
 |-
-|2-ADNT||35572-78-2||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||4.0E-5<sup>a</sup>
+|2-ADNT||[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=35572-78-2&search=35572-78-2 35572-78-2]||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||4.0E-5<sup>a</sup>
 |-
 |4-ADNT||19406-51-0||C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>7</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>||197.17<sup>a</sup>||2800<sup>a</sup>|| ||2.0E-5<sup>a</sup>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Munitions Constituents (EM) are chemicals used in formulations as propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives in weapon systems, munitions, and blasting agents. This article introduces these materials, major physical and chemical properties, and fate in the environment. Important chemical groups include nitroaromatics (e.g. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), nitramines (e.g. hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetreazocine (HMX)), nitrate esters (e.g. nitroglycerin (NG), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)), and nitrocellulose (NC).  Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is commonly used as a propellant in solid rock fuel and is addressed in a separate article on [[Perchlorate | perchlorate]].  Insensitive munitions (IM) are energetics in newer military explosives and are generally considered more stable than traditional explosives.
+[[Wikipedia: Explosive | Explosive materials (EM)]] contain a large amount of stored chemical energy that can be released and are used in formulations as propellants, pyrotechnics, explosives, blasting agents, and as munitions constituents (MC) in weapon systems. Important chemical groups include nitroaromatics (e.g. [[Wikipedia: TNT | 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)]] and [[Wikipedia: 2,4-Dinitrotoluene | 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT)]], nitramines (e.g. [[Wikipedia: RDX | hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)]] and [[Wikipedia: HMX | octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetreazocine (HMX))]], nitrate esters (e.g. [[Wikipedia: Nitroglycerin | nitroglycerin (NG)]], [[Wikipedia: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate | pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN))]], and [[Wikipedia: Nitrocellulose | nitrocellulose (NC)]].  Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is commonly used as a propellant in solid rocket fuel and is addressed in a separate article on [[Perchlorate | perchlorate]]. [[Wikipedia: Insensitive munition | Insensitive munitions (IM)]] are energetics in newer military explosives and are generally considered more stable than traditional explosives.
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 '''Related Article(s):'''

@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 o = Hawari (2014)<ref>Hawari, J., 2014. Annual Report 2013-2014. Environmental fate and ecological impact of emerging energetic chemicals (ADN, DNAN and its Amino-Derivatives, PETN, NTO, NQ, FOX-7, and FOX-12) and an insensitive formulation. Defense Research and Development Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/8/8b/Hawari-2014-Envl_fate_and_ecological_impact_of_emerging_energic_chemicals.pdf Report pdf]</ref>,
 p = Hawari et al. (2015)<ref>Hawari, J., Monteil-Rivera, F., Perreault, N.N., Halasz, A., Paquet, L., Radovic-Hrapovic, Z., Deschamps, S., Thiboutot, S. and Ampleman, G., 2015. Environmental fate of 2, 4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and its reduced products. Chemosphere, 119, 16-23. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.047 doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.047]</ref>.
 |}

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 *[[Munitions Constituents - Deposition]]
 *[[Munitions Constituents - Dissolution]]
 *[[Munitions Constituents - IM Toxicology]]
 *[[Munitions Constituents – Photolysis]]