Direct Push (DP) Technology - Revision history

Admin at 21:53, 26 April 2022

2022-04-26T21:53:24Z

Admin: /* DP Logging */

2021-11-30T02:03:48Z

‎DP Logging

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T20:57:30Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T20:53:37Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T20:50:16Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T16:58:29Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T15:58:29Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T14:58:29Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T13:56:38Z

1 revision imported

Admin: 1 revision imported

2018-05-04T13:37:20Z

1 revision imported

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Direct Push Sampling]]
 *[[Direct Push Logging]]
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Wesley McCall, M.S., P.G.]] and [[Tom Christy, P.E.]]
+'''Contributor(s):''' [[Wesley McCall, M.S., P.G.]] and [[Tom Christy, P.E.]]
 '''Key Resource(s):'''
 *[http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781420032246.ch6 Using DP Technologies in Site Characterization and Groundwater Monitoring]<ref name= "McCall2006">McCall, W., Nielsen, D.M., Farrington, S.P., Christy, T.M., 2006. Use of Direct-Push Technologies in Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring; in Practical Handbook of Environmental Site Characterization and Ground-Water Monitoring, 2nd Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, NY. pgs. 345–471. [http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781420032246.ch6 doi: 10.1201/9781420032246.ch6]</ref>
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 20: / Line 22: @@
 ==DP Machines==
 [[File:McCall-Article 1-Figure 1.PNG|275px|thumb|right|Figure 1. A track mounted DP machine set up for collection of soil and groundwater samples. The tool rack is transported to the sample location on the stabilizer bar at the back of the unit.]]
-Direct push machines and tools are designed to investigate unconsolidated formations<ref name= "McCall2006"/><ref name= "ASTM2015D6282">American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) International, 2014. ASTM D6282/D6282-14. Standard guide for direct push soil sampling for environmental site characterizations. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/d6282_d6282m-14 doi: 10.1520/D6282_D6282M-14]</ref><ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Expedited site assessment tools for underground storage tank sites, Chapter V, direct push technologies: a guide for regulators. EPA 510-B-97-001. Solid Waste and Emergency Response 5403G, Washington, D.C. [https://www.epa.gov/ust/expedited-site-assessment-tools-underground-storage-tank-sites-guide-regulators EPA USTs site]</ref><ref>Wilson, J.T., Ross, R.R. and Acree, S., 2005. Using direct‐push tools to map hydrostratigraphy and predict MTBE plume diving. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 25(3), 93-102. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00031.x  doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00031.x]</ref>. Early models of direct push machines were mounted in vans or conventional pickup trucks. Today, most of the DP machines are track mounted systems (Fig. 1). The large surface area of the tracks provides a lower ground pressure per unit area so that these machines are capable of moving across softer ground than typical wheeled vehicles. Small DP machines can squeeze through a 36-inch wide doorway to access building interiors and to sample in limited access spaces (e.g. tank farms). Larger machines are useful in probing difficult formations or when greater depths must be reached with larger tooling. However, larger tracked DP machines require a tractor-trailer truck for mobilization.
+Direct push machines and tools are designed to investigate unconsolidated formations<ref name="McCall2006" /><ref name="ASTM2015D6282">American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) International, 2014. ASTM D6282/D6282-14. Standard guide for direct push soil sampling for environmental site characterizations. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/d6282_d6282m-14 doi: 10.1520/D6282_D6282M-14]</ref><ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Expedited site assessment tools for underground storage tank sites, Chapter V, direct push technologies: a guide for regulators. EPA 510-B-97-001. Solid Waste and Emergency Response 5403G, Washington, D.C. [https://www.epa.gov/ust/expedited-site-assessment-tools-underground-storage-tank-sites-guide-regulators EPA USTs site]</ref><ref>Wilson, J.T., Ross, R.R. and Acree, S., 2005. Using direct‐push tools to map hydrostratigraphy and predict MTBE plume diving. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 25(3), 93-102. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00031.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00031.x]</ref>. Early models of direct push machines were mounted in vans or conventional pickup trucks. Today, most of the DP machines are track mounted systems (Fig. 1). The large surface area of the tracks provides a lower ground pressure per unit area so that these machines are capable of moving across softer ground than typical wheeled vehicles. Small DP machines can squeeze through a 36-inch wide doorway to access building interiors and to sample in limited access spaces (e.g. tank farms). Larger machines are useful in probing difficult formations or when greater depths must be reached with larger tooling. However, larger tracked DP machines require a tractor-trailer truck for mobilization.
 DP machines typically advance tools into the subsurface using a percussion hammer, vehicle weight, and hydraulics. However, some of the larger DP machines can be equipped with hollow stem augers or coring tools if required. Most DP machine units are track mounted, but some machines are installed in trucks and a few in specialized vehicles. Some units are equipped with a drop hammer for [[wikipedia: Standard penetration test | Standard Penetration Testing (SPT)]], rock coring system, sonic drilling capabilities, and soil anchors may be used to provide additional reaction force to advance any [[wikipedia: Cone penetration test | Cone Penetration Test (CPT)]] related tool.
@@ Line 27: / Line 29: @@
 [[File:McCall-Article 1-Figure 2.PNG|275px|thumb|right|Figure 2. Monitoring water quality parameters while purging groundwater from a single-tube, protected screen, discrete interval sampler.]]
-A variety of sampling tools have been developed to allow an investigator to obtain samples of soils, unconsolidated formations<ref name= "McCall2006"/><ref name= "ASTM2015D6282"/>, and groundwater<ref name= "McCall2006"/><ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Groundwater sampling and  monitoring with direct push technologies. OSWER No. 9200.1-51. EPA 540/R-04-005. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. [[Media:USEPA-2005-GW_Sampling_and_Monitoring_w_Direct_Push_Tech.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>American Society for Testing & Materials International, 2015. D6001. Standard guide for direct-push groundwater sampling for environmental site characterization. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/d6001-05r12 doi: 10.1520/D6001-05R12]</ref> (Fig. 2). DP methods also may be used to install monitoring wells<ref name= "McCall2006"/><ref>Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC), 2006. The Use of direct push well technology for long-term environmental monitoring in groundwater investigations. Interstate Regulatory Council, Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring Team. SCM-2. Washington, D.C. [[Media:ITRC-2006-The_Use_of_Well_Tech_for_Long-term_Envl_Mon_in_GW_Invest.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref> and soil vapor sampling devices<ref name= "McCall2006"/><ref name= "ASTM2015D7663">American Society for Testing & Materials International, 2015. D7663. Standard practice for active soil gas sampling in the vadose zone for vapor intrusion evaluations. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/d7663-12 doi: 10.1520/D7663-12]</ref>. Both single tube and dual tube methods are available for most sampling operations. Single tube methods are often quicker and easier to use, especially at shallow depths, but dual tube methods often provide samples of higher quality. To learn more about DP sampling, see: [[Direct Push Sampling]].
+A variety of sampling tools have been developed to allow an investigator to obtain samples of soils, unconsolidated formations<ref name="McCall2006" /><ref name="ASTM2015D6282" />, and groundwater<ref name="McCall2006" /><ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Groundwater sampling and  monitoring with direct push technologies. OSWER No. 9200.1-51. EPA 540/R-04-005. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/0/08/USEPA-2005-GW_Sampling_and_Monitoring_w_Direct_Push_Tech.pdf Report pdf]</ref><ref>American Society for Testing & Materials International, 2015. D6001. Standard guide for direct-push groundwater sampling for environmental site characterization. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/d6001-05r12 doi: 10.1520/D6001-05R12]</ref> (Fig. 2). DP methods also may be used to install monitoring wells<ref name="McCall2006" /><ref>Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC), 2006. The Use of direct push well technology for long-term environmental monitoring in groundwater investigations. Interstate Regulatory Council, Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring Team. SCM-2. Washington, D.C. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/e/e5/ITRC-2006-The_Use_of_Well_Tech_for_Long-term_Envl_Mon_in_GW_Invest.pdf Report pdf]</ref> and soil vapor sampling devices<ref name="McCall2006" /><ref name="ASTM2015D7663">American Society for Testing & Materials International, 2015. D7663. Standard practice for active soil gas sampling in the vadose zone for vapor intrusion evaluations. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/d7663-12 doi: 10.1520/D7663-12]</ref>. Both single tube and dual tube methods are available for most sampling operations. Single tube methods are often quicker and easier to use, especially at shallow depths, but dual tube methods often provide samples of higher quality. To learn more about DP sampling, see: [[Direct Push Sampling]].
 ==DP Logging==
 [[File:McCall-Article 1-Figure 3.PNG|150 px|thumb|left|Figure 3. Schematic of the Optical Image Profiler (OIP) that uses an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV LED) and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera to induce and capture images of petroleum fuel fluorescence through a sapphire window.]]
-Several DP logging tools have been developed since the late 1980s to assist with environmental and geological investigation of unconsolidated materials<ref name= "McCall2006"/>. Many of these devices are used to perform high-resolution site characterizations<ref name= "ASTM2015D7663"/>, which allow for development of detailed conceptual site models and improved remedial actions. These logging tools are advanced into the subsurface without a pre-existing borehole or well and so are in intimate contact with the formation being studied. Several probes have been designed to measure physical properties of the formation such as soil strength ([[wikipedia: Cone penetration test |CPT]]), [[wikipedia: Electrical resistivity and conductivity | electrical conductivity (EC)]], or [[wikipedia: Permeability (earth sciences) | permeability]] (Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)). Other logging tools have been designed to detect the presence of certain groups of organic contaminants such as petroleum fuels ([[wikipedia: Laser-induced fluorescence | Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)]], Optical Imaging Profiler (OIP)) (Fig. 3) or a variety of volatile organic compounds (Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)).To learn more about DP logging methods, see: [[Direct Push Logging]].
+Several DP logging tools have been developed since the late 1980s to assist with environmental and geological investigation of unconsolidated materials<ref name="McCall2006" />. Many of these devices are used to perform high-resolution site characterizations<ref name="ASTM2015D7663" />, which allow for development of detailed conceptual site models and improved remedial actions. These logging tools are advanced into the subsurface without a pre-existing borehole or well and so are in intimate contact with the formation being studied. Several probes have been designed to measure physical properties of the formation such as soil strength ([[wikipedia: Cone penetration test |CPT]]), [[wikipedia: Electrical resistivity and conductivity | electrical conductivity (EC)]], or [[wikipedia: Permeability (earth sciences) | permeability]] (Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)). Other logging tools have been designed to detect the presence of certain groups of organic contaminants such as petroleum fuels ([[wikipedia: Laser-induced fluorescence | Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)]], Optical Imaging Profiler (OIP)) (Fig. 3) or a variety of volatile organic compounds (Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)).To learn more about DP logging methods, see: [[Direct Push Logging]].
 ==Injection & Grouting==
@@ Line 38: / Line 40: @@
 ==Summary==
-Direct push (DP) technology has provided many new tools and methods since the late 1980s that have improved the efficiency and reduced the cost of many geo-environmental investigations. Most DP machines are smaller and more compact than traditional rotary drilling equipment making it easier to access what were typically difficult to reach locations. The ability to quickly move equipment around a site and collect samples of soil or groundwater at the desired depths in unconsolidated materials has made it possible to implement expedited site assessment techniques such as those developed under the Triad model<ref>Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, 2003. Technical and regulatory guidance for the triad approach: A new paradigm for environmental project management (SCM-3). The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council; Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring Team. Washington, D.C. [[Media:ITRC-2003-Technical_and_Regulatory_Guidance_for_the_Triad_Approach_A_New_Para_for_Envl_Proj_Mgmt.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref>. New machines, tools and logging methods are continually under development in the direct push industry.
+Direct push (DP) technology has provided many new tools and methods since the late 1980s that have improved the efficiency and reduced the cost of many geo-environmental investigations. Most DP machines are smaller and more compact than traditional rotary drilling equipment making it easier to access what were typically difficult to reach locations. The ability to quickly move equipment around a site and collect samples of soil or groundwater at the desired depths in unconsolidated materials has made it possible to implement expedited site assessment techniques such as those developed under the Triad model<ref>Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, 2003. Technical and regulatory guidance for the triad approach: A new paradigm for environmental project management (SCM-3). The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council; Sampling, Characterization and Monitoring Team. Washington, D.C. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/a/aa/ITRC-2003-Technical_and_Regulatory_Guidance_for_the_Triad_Approach_A_New_Para_for_Envl_Proj_Mgmt.pdf Report pdf]</ref>. New machines, tools and logging methods are continually under development in the direct push industry.
 ==References==
-<references/>
+<references />
 ==See Also==
 *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig Drilling Rig Wikipedia Page]
 *[https://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/dfa/dirtech.htm Superfund Website]
-*[http://www.geoprobe.com  Geoprobe Website for General Direct Push (DP) Equipment and Tools]
+*[http://www.geoprobe.com Geoprobe Website for General Direct Push (DP) Equipment and Tools]
 *[http://www.ams-samplers.com AMS Website for General Direct Push (DP) Equipment and Tools]
 *[http://www.solinst.com/products/direct-push-equipment/660-drive-point-profiler/ Solinst Website for Direct Push Tools]
@@ Line 54: / Line 57: @@
 *[http://www.epa.gov/remedytech/characterization-and-monitoring-technology-descriptions-cleaning-contaminated-sites Characterization and Monitoring Technology Descriptions for Cleaning Up contaminated Sites]
-=== Videos ===
+===Videos===
 *[https://youtu.be/aPYMlBhzfsE Geoprobe Model 7822 Machine Features and Sampling Demonstration Youtube Video]
 *[https://youtu.be/MuE3DH4f-P0 Geoprobe Model 54LT Features, Limited Access Machine Youtube Video]

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==DP Logging==
 [[File:McCall-Article 1-Figure 3.PNG|150 px|thumb|left|Figure 3. Schematic of the Optical Image Profiler (OIP) that uses an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV LED) and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera to induce and capture images of petroleum fuel fluorescence through a sapphire window.]]
-Several DP logging tools have been developed since the late 1980s to assist with environmental and geological investigation of unconsolidated materials<ref name= "McCall2006"/>. Many of these devices are used to perform high-resolution site characterizations<ref name= "ASTM2015D7663"/>, which allow for development of detailed conceptual site models and improved remedial actions. These logging tools are advanced into the subsurface without a pre-existing borehole or well and so are in intimate contact with the formation being studied. Several probes have been designed to measure physical properties of the formation such as soil strength ([[wikipedia: Cone penetration test | CPT]]), [[wikipedia: Electrical resistivity and conductivity | electrical conductivity (EC)]], or [[wikipedia: Permeability (earth sciences) | permeability]] (Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)). Other logging tools have been designed to detect the presence of certain groups of organic contaminants such as petroleum fuels ([[wikipedia: Laser-induced fluorescence | Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)]], Optical Imaging Profiler (OIP)) (Fig. 3) or a variety of volatile organic compounds (Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)).To learn more about DP logging methods, see: [[Direct Push Logging]].
+Several DP logging tools have been developed since the late 1980s to assist with environmental and geological investigation of unconsolidated materials<ref name= "McCall2006"/>. Many of these devices are used to perform high-resolution site characterizations<ref name= "ASTM2015D7663"/>, which allow for development of detailed conceptual site models and improved remedial actions. These logging tools are advanced into the subsurface without a pre-existing borehole or well and so are in intimate contact with the formation being studied. Several probes have been designed to measure physical properties of the formation such as soil strength ([[wikipedia: Cone penetration test |CPT]]), [[wikipedia: Electrical resistivity and conductivity | electrical conductivity (EC)]], or [[wikipedia: Permeability (earth sciences) | permeability]] (Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)). Other logging tools have been designed to detect the presence of certain groups of organic contaminants such as petroleum fuels ([[wikipedia: Laser-induced fluorescence | Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)]], Optical Imaging Profiler (OIP)) (Fig. 3) or a variety of volatile organic compounds (Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)).To learn more about DP logging methods, see: [[Direct Push Logging]].
-−
 ==Injection & Grouting==
 [[File:McCall-Article 1-Figure 4.PNG|250px|thumb|right|Figure 4. Bottom-up tremie grouting through a tool string.]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 20:57, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 20:53, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 20:50, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 16:58, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 15:58, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:58, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:56, 4 May 2018
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:37, 4 May 2018
(No difference)