Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:01, 28 April 2022
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−	'''~~CONTRIBUTOR~~(S)''': [[Dr. Michelle Crimi]]	+	'''Contributor(s)''': [[Dr. Michelle Crimi]]

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-<onlyinclude>Chemical Oxidation is an [[wikipedia: In situ | in situ]] remediation technology that can be applied to groundwater or soils and many different contaminants. It is a chemical technology where strong oxidants are injected or mechanically mixed into the treatment zone to promote destructive abiotic degradation reactions. It is commonly used, applicable to many hydrogeologic settings, and relies on well-known technologies such as [[Injection Techniques for Liquid Amendments | injection]] and mixing. Because of stoichiometry and mass balance limitations, it may be inefficient when applied to treat free-phase (i.e., free-product or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)) zones.
+Chemical Oxidation is an [[wikipedia: In situ | in situ]] remediation technology that can be applied to groundwater or soils and many different contaminants. It is a chemical technology where strong oxidants are injected or mechanically mixed into the treatment zone to promote destructive abiotic degradation reactions. It is commonly used, applicable to many hydrogeologic settings, and relies on well-known technologies such as [[Injection Techniques for Liquid Amendments | injection]] and mixing. Because of stoichiometry and mass balance limitations, it may be inefficient when applied to treat free-phase (i.e., free-product or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)) zones.
-</onlyinclude>
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
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 '''Key Resource(s):'''
 *[https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-200623/ER-200623 In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater Remediation Protocol (ESTCP ER-200623)]<ref name="ESTCP2010">Siegrist, R.L., 2010. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation - technology practices manual. ESTCP Project ER-0623. [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-200623/ER-200623 ER-200623]</ref>
-<onlyinclude>
-==Introduction==</onlyinclude>
+==Introduction==
-<onlyinclude>
-[[wikipedia: In situ | In situ]] chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a mature technology for remediation of contaminated groundwater, including both source zones and contaminant plumes. ISCO involves the introduction of chemical oxidants into the subsurface to react with contaminants to convert them into less harmful products. Commonly used oxidants include [[wikipedia: Fenton's reagent | Fenton’s reagent]], [[wikipedia: Ozone | ozone]], [[wikipedia: Potassium permanganate | potassium permanganate]], and [[wikipedia: Sodium persulfate | sodium persulfate]].</onlyinclude>
+[[wikipedia: In situ | In situ]] chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a mature technology for remediation of contaminated groundwater, including both source zones and contaminant plumes. ISCO involves the introduction of chemical oxidants into the subsurface to react with contaminants to convert them into less harmful products. Commonly used oxidants include [[wikipedia: Fenton's reagent | Fenton’s reagent]], [[wikipedia: Ozone | ozone]], [[wikipedia: Potassium permanganate | potassium permanganate]], and [[wikipedia: Sodium persulfate | sodium persulfate]].
-<onlyinclude>
-Treatment objectives for ISCO have ranged from reducing contaminant mass within a source zone to meeting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in a plume. The effectiveness of ISCO varies as it is highly dependent on proper site characterization, [[Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations(In Situ - ISCO)|ISCO design considerations]], and oxidant delivery system design</onlyinclude> <ref>Siegrist, R. L. Urynowicz, M.A., West, O.R., Crimi, M.L. and Lowe, K.S., 2001. Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. ISBN-10: 1574771027. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00355-7 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00355-7]</ref><ref>ITRC, 2005. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Council TITaR, editor. [[Media:ITRC-2005-Tech_and_Reg_Guidance.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Huling, S. G., and Pivetz, B. E., 2006. In-situ chemical oxidation (No. EPA/600/R-06/072). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water.  [[Media:Huling-EPA-ISCO.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Krembs, F.J., Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M.L., Furrer, R.F. and Petri, B.G., 2010. ISCO for groundwater remediation: analysis of field applications and performance. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 30(4), 42-53. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x]</ref><ref name ="Siegrist2011">Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M. and Simpkin, T.J. eds., 2011. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. 678 pgs. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7825-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4]</ref><ref name="McGuire2016">McGuire, T., 2016. Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability Cost and Performance Database for In-Situ Remediation Technologies. ESTCP Project ER-201120. [https://serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201120/ER-201120 ER-201120]</ref><onlyinclude>.</onlyinclude>
+Treatment objectives for ISCO have ranged from reducing contaminant mass within a source zone to meeting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in a plume. The effectiveness of ISCO varies as it is highly dependent on proper site characterization, [[Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations(In Situ - ISCO)|ISCO design considerations]], and oxidant delivery system design <ref>Siegrist, R. L. Urynowicz, M.A., West, O.R., Crimi, M.L. and Lowe, K.S., 2001. Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. ISBN-10: 1574771027. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00355-7 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00355-7]</ref><ref>ITRC, 2005. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Council TITaR, editor. [[Media:ITRC-2005-Tech_and_Reg_Guidance.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Huling, S. G., and Pivetz, B. E., 2006. In-situ chemical oxidation (No. EPA/600/R-06/072). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water.  [[Media:Huling-EPA-ISCO.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Krembs, F.J., Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M.L., Furrer, R.F. and Petri, B.G., 2010. ISCO for groundwater remediation: analysis of field applications and performance. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 30(4), 42-53. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x]</ref><ref name ="Siegrist2011">Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M. and Simpkin, T.J. eds., 2011. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. 678 pgs. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7825-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4]</ref><ref name="McGuire2016">McGuire, T., 2016. Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability Cost and Performance Database for In-Situ Remediation Technologies. ESTCP Project ER-201120. [https://serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201120/ER-201120 ER-201120]</ref>.
 One study evaluated the performance of 70 chemical oxidation projects at [[Chlorinated Solvents | chlorinated solvent]] sites in terms of the reduction in source concentrations before and after treatment<ref name="McGuire2016"/>. Figure 1 shows change in geometric means of parent compound (left panel) and change in geometric means of Total CVOC compound concentrations (right panel) as a result of ISCO treatment. Each symbol is an individual ''in situ'' remediation project at a specific site. The geometric mean of the before-treatment zone concentration is shown on the X-axis, and the after-treatment zone concentration is shown on the Y-axis. The different colored symbols represent different ISCO technology subtypes. The median project was able to reduce the parent compound concentrations in the treatment zone by ~84% (0.8 Orders of Magnitude or OoMs).

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 [[wikipedia: In situ | In situ]] chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a mature technology for remediation of contaminated groundwater, including both source zones and contaminant plumes. ISCO involves the introduction of chemical oxidants into the subsurface to react with contaminants to convert them into less harmful products. Commonly used oxidants include [[wikipedia: Fenton's reagent | Fenton’s reagent]], [[wikipedia: Ozone | ozone]], [[wikipedia: Potassium permanganate | potassium permanganate]], and [[wikipedia: Sodium persulfate | sodium persulfate]].</onlyinclude>
 <onlyinclude>
-Treatment objectives for ISCO have ranged from reducing contaminant mass within a source zone to meeting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in a plume. The effectiveness of ISCO varies as it is highly dependent on proper site characterization, [[Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations(In Situ - ISCO)|ISCO design considerations]], and oxidant delivery system design</onlyinclude> <ref>Siegrist, R. L. Urynowicz, M.A., West, O.R., Crimi, M.L. and Lowe, K.S., 2001. Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. ISBN-10: 1574771027. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00355-7 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00355-7]</ref><ref>ITRC, 2005. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Council TITaR, editor. [[Media:ITRC-2005-Tech_and_Reg_Guidance.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Huling, S. G., and Pivetz, B. E., 2006. In-situ chemical oxidation (No. EPA/600/R-06/072). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water.  [[Media:Huling-EPA-ISCO.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Krembs, F.J., Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M.L., Furrer, R.F. and Petri, B.G., 2010. ISCO for groundwater remediation: analysis of field applications and performance. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 30(4), 42-53. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x]</ref><ref name ="Siegrist2011">Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M. and Simpkin, T.J. eds., 2011. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. 678 pgs. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7825-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4]</ref><ref name="McGuire2016">McGuire, T., 2016. Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability Cost and Performance Database for In-Situ Remediation Technologies. ESTCP Project ER-201120. [https://serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201120/ER-201120 ER-201120]</ref>.
+Treatment objectives for ISCO have ranged from reducing contaminant mass within a source zone to meeting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in a plume. The effectiveness of ISCO varies as it is highly dependent on proper site characterization, [[Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations(In Situ - ISCO)|ISCO design considerations]], and oxidant delivery system design</onlyinclude> <ref>Siegrist, R. L. Urynowicz, M.A., West, O.R., Crimi, M.L. and Lowe, K.S., 2001. Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. ISBN-10: 1574771027. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00355-7 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00355-7]</ref><ref>ITRC, 2005. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Council TITaR, editor. [[Media:ITRC-2005-Tech_and_Reg_Guidance.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Huling, S. G., and Pivetz, B. E., 2006. In-situ chemical oxidation (No. EPA/600/R-06/072). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water.  [[Media:Huling-EPA-ISCO.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Krembs, F.J., Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M.L., Furrer, R.F. and Petri, B.G., 2010. ISCO for groundwater remediation: analysis of field applications and performance. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 30(4), 42-53. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x]</ref><ref name ="Siegrist2011">Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M. and Simpkin, T.J. eds., 2011. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. 678 pgs. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7825-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4]</ref><ref name="McGuire2016">McGuire, T., 2016. Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability Cost and Performance Database for In-Situ Remediation Technologies. ESTCP Project ER-201120. [https://serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201120/ER-201120 ER-201120]</ref><onlyinclude>.</onlyinclude>
 One study evaluated the performance of 70 chemical oxidation projects at [[Chlorinated Solvents | chlorinated solvent]] sites in terms of the reduction in source concentrations before and after treatment<ref name="McGuire2016"/>. Figure 1 shows change in geometric means of parent compound (left panel) and change in geometric means of Total CVOC compound concentrations (right panel) as a result of ISCO treatment. Each symbol is an individual ''in situ'' remediation project at a specific site. The geometric mean of the before-treatment zone concentration is shown on the X-axis, and the after-treatment zone concentration is shown on the Y-axis. The different colored symbols represent different ISCO technology subtypes. The median project was able to reduce the parent compound concentrations in the treatment zone by ~84% (0.8 Orders of Magnitude or OoMs).

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 [[File:Table1.JPG|right|600px|right|thumb|Table 1. Categories for ISCO remediation effectiveness (adapted from Siegrist et al., 2011<ref name="Siegrist2011"/>).]]
 Most of the common organic contaminants can be destroyed by one or more of the oxidants. ISCO has been primarily used to treat organic chemicals, including [[Chlorinated Solvents|chlorinated solvents]] and fuel and petroleum hydrocarbons. There are other contaminant types, though, for which ISCO is not recommended (Table 1<ref name ="Siegrist2011"/>).
-<onlyinclude>
 ==Applicability of ISCO to Site Conditions==
 Like nearly all ''in situ'' technologies, ISCO is most effective in a target treatment zone that is [[wikipedia: Permeability (earth sciences) | permeable]] and has a relatively low degree of heterogeneity. Prospective target zones will often be identified in existing documents and data for the site (e.g., geologic cross sections, stratigraphic representations, contaminant distribution profiles). Conditions that tend to be well-suited to ISCO generally include:
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 *Low natural organic matter content (e.g., < 0.1% dry wt.)
 *Low content of reduced [[Metal and Metalloid Contaminants | metals]] that are sensitive to changes in [[wikipedia: Reduction potential | oxidation-reduction (redox) potential]]
-</onlyinclude>
 Site conditions that tend to be challenging for effective application of ISCO include those conditions that are challenging for most ''in situ'' technologies. Key challenges are associated with:
 *Strongly reducing conditions which exert high demand for some oxidants (e.g., highly reducing conditions, high organic matter, carbonates)

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 [[wikipedia: In situ | In situ]] chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a mature technology for remediation of contaminated groundwater, including both source zones and contaminant plumes. ISCO involves the introduction of chemical oxidants into the subsurface to react with contaminants to convert them into less harmful products. Commonly used oxidants include [[wikipedia: Fenton's reagent | Fenton’s reagent]], [[wikipedia: Ozone | ozone]], [[wikipedia: Potassium permanganate | potassium permanganate]], and [[wikipedia: Sodium persulfate | sodium persulfate]].</onlyinclude>
 <onlyinclude>
-Treatment objectives for ISCO have ranged from reducing contaminant mass within a source zone to meeting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in a plume. The effectiveness of ISCO varies as it is highly dependent on proper site characterization, </onlyinclude> [[Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations(In Situ - ISCO)|ISCO design considerations]], and oxidant delivery system design<ref>Siegrist, R. L. Urynowicz, M.A., West, O.R., Crimi, M.L. and Lowe, K.S., 2001. Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. ISBN-10: 1574771027. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00355-7 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00355-7]</ref><ref>ITRC, 2005. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Council TITaR, editor. [[Media:ITRC-2005-Tech_and_Reg_Guidance.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Huling, S. G., and Pivetz, B. E., 2006. In-situ chemical oxidation (No. EPA/600/R-06/072). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water.  [[Media:Huling-EPA-ISCO.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Krembs, F.J., Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M.L., Furrer, R.F. and Petri, B.G., 2010. ISCO for groundwater remediation: analysis of field applications and performance. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 30(4), 42-53. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x]</ref><ref name ="Siegrist2011">Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M. and Simpkin, T.J. eds., 2011. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. 678 pgs. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7825-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4]</ref><ref name="McGuire2016">McGuire, T., 2016. Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability Cost and Performance Database for In-Situ Remediation Technologies. ESTCP Project ER-201120. [https://serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201120/ER-201120 ER-201120]</ref>.
+Treatment objectives for ISCO have ranged from reducing contaminant mass within a source zone to meeting maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in a plume. The effectiveness of ISCO varies as it is highly dependent on proper site characterization, [[Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations(In Situ - ISCO)|ISCO design considerations]], and oxidant delivery system design</onlyinclude> <ref>Siegrist, R. L. Urynowicz, M.A., West, O.R., Crimi, M.L. and Lowe, K.S., 2001. Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press. ISBN-10: 1574771027. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00355-7 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00355-7]</ref><ref>ITRC, 2005. Technical and Regulatory Guidance for In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Council TITaR, editor. [[Media:ITRC-2005-Tech_and_Reg_Guidance.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Huling, S. G., and Pivetz, B. E., 2006. In-situ chemical oxidation (No. EPA/600/R-06/072). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water.  [[Media:Huling-EPA-ISCO.pdf|Report pdf]]</ref><ref>Krembs, F.J., Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M.L., Furrer, R.F. and Petri, B.G., 2010. ISCO for groundwater remediation: analysis of field applications and performance. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 30(4), 42-53. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2010.01312.x]</ref><ref name ="Siegrist2011">Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M. and Simpkin, T.J. eds., 2011. In situ chemical oxidation for groundwater remediation (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. 678 pgs. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7825-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7826-4]</ref><ref name="McGuire2016">McGuire, T., 2016. Development of an Expanded, High-Reliability Cost and Performance Database for In-Situ Remediation Technologies. ESTCP Project ER-201120. [https://serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201120/ER-201120 ER-201120]</ref>.
 One study evaluated the performance of 70 chemical oxidation projects at [[Chlorinated Solvents | chlorinated solvent]] sites in terms of the reduction in source concentrations before and after treatment<ref name="McGuire2016"/>. Figure 1 shows change in geometric means of parent compound (left panel) and change in geometric means of Total CVOC compound concentrations (right panel) as a result of ISCO treatment. Each symbol is an individual ''in situ'' remediation project at a specific site. The geometric mean of the before-treatment zone concentration is shown on the X-axis, and the after-treatment zone concentration is shown on the Y-axis. The different colored symbols represent different ISCO technology subtypes. The median project was able to reduce the parent compound concentrations in the treatment zone by ~84% (0.8 Orders of Magnitude or OoMs).
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 [[File:Table1.JPG|right|600px|right|thumb|Table 1. Categories for ISCO remediation effectiveness (adapted from Siegrist et al., 2011<ref name="Siegrist2011"/>).]]
 Most of the common organic contaminants can be destroyed by one or more of the oxidants. ISCO has been primarily used to treat organic chemicals, including [[Chlorinated Solvents|chlorinated solvents]] and fuel and petroleum hydrocarbons. There are other contaminant types, though, for which ISCO is not recommended (Table 1<ref name ="Siegrist2011"/>).
+<onlyinclude>
 ==Applicability of ISCO to Site Conditions==
 Like nearly all ''in situ'' technologies, ISCO is most effective in a target treatment zone that is [[wikipedia: Permeability (earth sciences) | permeable]] and has a relatively low degree of heterogeneity. Prospective target zones will often be identified in existing documents and data for the site (e.g., geologic cross sections, stratigraphic representations, contaminant distribution profiles). Conditions that tend to be well-suited to ISCO generally include:
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 *Low natural organic matter content (e.g., < 0.1% dry wt.)
 *Low content of reduced [[Metal and Metalloid Contaminants | metals]] that are sensitive to changes in [[wikipedia: Reduction potential | oxidation-reduction (redox) potential]]
+</onlyinclude>
 Site conditions that tend to be challenging for effective application of ISCO include those conditions that are challenging for most ''in situ'' technologies. Key challenges are associated with:
 *Strongly reducing conditions which exert high demand for some oxidants (e.g., highly reducing conditions, high organic matter, carbonates)