Amendment Distribution in Low Conductivity Materials - Revision history

Admin at 01:48, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T01:48:41Z

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Jhurley: /* Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®) */

2020-07-08T17:09:55Z

‎Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®)

Jhurley at 15:51, 8 July 2020

2020-07-08T15:51:51Z

Jhurley: /* Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®) */

2020-06-30T16:37:07Z

‎Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®)

Jhurley: /* Technology Description */

2020-06-30T16:33:35Z

‎Technology Description

Jhurley: /* Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®) */

2020-06-30T16:31:28Z

‎Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®)

Jhurley at 12:58, 30 June 2020

2020-06-30T12:58:18Z

Jhurley at 12:55, 30 June 2020

2020-06-30T12:55:03Z

Jhurley: /* Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®) */

2020-06-25T19:59:30Z

‎Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®)

Jhurley: /* Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®) */

2020-06-25T19:24:12Z

‎Horizontal Reactive Treatment Well (HRX Well®)

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 |}
 [[File:Richardson1w2Fig6.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 6.  Conceptual HRX Well design<ref name="Divine2018a"/>. Groundwater (blue flowlines) is passively focused and flows into the fully screened HRX Well where it is treated as it flows through reactive media before exiting back into the aquifer. The hot colors represent high contaminant concentrations and cool colors represent treated water.]]
-[[File:Richardson1w2Fig7.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 7. HRX Well completion demonstrating the minimal surface footprint requirement.]]
+[[File:Richardson1w2Fig7.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 7. HRX Well completion demonstrating the minimal surface footprint requirement<ref name="Divine2020"/>.]]
 The&nbsp;Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>)<ref name="Divine2013"> Divine, C.E., Leone, G., Gillow, J, Roth, T., Brenton, H., and Spurlin, M., 2013. Horizontal In-well Treatment System and Source Area Bypass System and Method for Groundwater Remediation. U.S. Patent US8596351 B2. U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office, Alexandria, VA.    [[Media:HRXwellPatent2013.pdf  | Patent.pdf]]</ref><ref name="Divine2018a"/><ref name="Divine2018"/> is a new passive flux-control technology that utilizes large diameter horizontal wells filled with solid phase reactive media to treat contaminated groundwater ''in situ''.  The HRX Well is installed parallel to the direction of groundwater flow and the design leverages natural “flow focusing” behavior induced by the engineered contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the reactive media and the ambient aquifer hydraulic conductivity to passively capture and treat proportionally large volumes of groundwater within the well. Treated groundwater then exits the horizontal well along its down-gradient sections (Figure 6). The HRX Well can quickly reduce contaminant mass flux and control migration, however it will not directly treat source mass or contamination located in low permeability zones. It requires a limited above-ground footprint (Figure 7) and can be installed under buildings or other surface infrastructure.  In involves no active groundwater management or above ground treatment systems, and minimal ongoing maintenance (except for periodic media replacement as the media becomes exhausted). As shown in Table 1, many different types of solid reactive media are already available; therefore, this concept could be used to address a wide range of contaminants.  Note that it is anticipated that solid phase media would be used in most applications, however, other media types or treatment processes could conceivably be employed. It is expected that reactive media use would be more efficient, and its eventual replacement would be simpler and less costly for an HRX Well than for a conventional [[Zerovalent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers | Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB)]].
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 {| style="float:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:30px;
-| [[File:Richardson1w2Fig8.png | thumb | 480px | Figure 8.  Changes in groundwater flow characteristics before and after HRX Well installation showing the hydraulic effects of water discharging from the outlet screen. Posted and contoured values are groundwater elevations in feet above mean sea level.]]
+| [[File:Richardson1w2Fig8.png | thumb | 480px | Figure 8.  Changes in groundwater flow characteristics before and after HRX Well installation showing the hydraulic effects of water discharging from the outlet screen. Posted and contoured values are groundwater elevations in feet above mean sea level<ref name="Divine2020"/>.]]
-| [[File:Richardson1w2Fig9.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 9. HRX Well installed at VAFB showing groundwater inflow (blue curved lines) and approximate outlet zone (shaded blue cone). Posted values represent reductions in TCE concentrations observed 436 days after HRX Well installation.]]
+| [[File:Richardson1w2Fig9.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 9. HRX Well installed at VAFB showing groundwater inflow (blue curved lines) and approximate outlet zone (shaded blue cone). Posted values represent reductions in TCE concentrations observed 436 days after HRX Well installation<ref name="Divine2020"/>.]]
 |}
 The&nbsp;HRX Well concept has been evaluated with numerical models and physical sand tank experiments<ref name="Divine2018a"/><ref name="Divine2018"/>, and the first field scale installation of this technology was completed in August 2018 at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in Central California.  This purpose of the HRX Well is to control trichloroethene (TCE) flux in a thin (7 to 12 ft) low permeability aquifer (average hydraulic conductivity is approximately 0.1 to 0.5 ft/day) impacted at concentrations up to about 30 to 50 milligrams per liter (mg/L).  The HRX Well consists of 85 ft of inlet screen and 70 ft of outlet screen separated by 165 ft of casing, with removeable treatment media cartridges (35 percent ZVI by weight, media hydraulic conductivity is approximately 100 ft/d) installed in 70 ft of the cased section.  Hydraulic performance data (as shown in Figure 8) and treatment effectiveness data (Figure 9) indicate the following:

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 '''Key Resource(s):'''
 * The Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>) for Passive In-Situ Remediation<ref name="Divine2018a">Divine, C. E., Roth, T, Crimi, M., DiMarco, A.C., Spurlin, M., Gillow, J., and Leone, G., 2018. The Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>) for Passive In-Situ Remediation. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 38(1), pp. 56–65.  [https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12252 DOI: 10.1111/gwmr.12252]</ref>
 * The Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>) for Passive In Situ Remediation: Design, Implementation, and Sustainability Considerations<ref name="Divine2018">Divine, C.E., Wright, J., Wang, J., McDonough, J., Kladias, M., Crimi, M., Nzeribe, B.N., Devlin, J.F., Lubrecht, M., Ombalski, D., Hodge, B., Voscott, H., and Gerber, K., 2018. The Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>) for Passive In Situ Remediation: Design, Implementation, and Sustainability Considerations. Remediation, 28(4), pp. 5-16.  [https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21571 DOI: 10.1002/rem.21571]&nbsp;&nbsp; Also available from: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327487096_The_horizontal_reactive_media_treatment_well_HRX_WellR_for_passive_in_situ_remediation_Design_implementation_and_sustainability_considerations ResearchGate]</ref>
-* New Application of A Geotechnical Technology to Remediate Low-Permeability Contaminated Media – Final Technical Report<ref name="Richardson2020">Richardson, S.D., Hart, D.M., Long, J.A., and Newell, C.J., 2020. New Application of A Geotechnical Technology to Remediate Low-Permeability Contaminated Media – Final Technical Report. ER-201627, Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201627/ Project Overview]</ref>
+* Demonstration and Validation of the Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>) for Managing Contaminant Plumes in Complex Geologic Environments<ref name="Divine2020">Final Report, Demonstration and Validation of the Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>) for Managing Contaminant Plumes in Complex Geologic Environments, 2020. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-201631. [https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/Persistent-Contamination/ER-201631/ER-201631 Project Overview]&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Media:Divine2020_ER201631.pdf | Report.pdf]]</ref>
 ==Introduction==

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 | [[File:Richardson1w2Fig9.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 9. HRX Well installed at VAFB showing groundwater inflow (blue curved lines) and approximate outlet zone (shaded blue cone). Posted values represent reductions in TCE concentrations observed 436 days after HRX Well installation.]]
 |}
-The HRX Well concept has been evaluated with numerical models and physical sand tank experiments<ref name="Divine2018a"/><ref name="Divine2018"/>, and the first field scale installation of this technology was completed in August 2018 at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in Central California.  This purpose of the HRX Well is to control trichloroethene (TCE) flux in a thin (7 to 12 ft) low permeability aquifer (average hydraulic conductivity is approximately 0.1 to 0.5 ft/day) impacted at concentrations up to about 30 to 50 milligrams per liter (mg/L).  The HRX Well consists of 85 ft of inlet screen and 70 ft of outlet screen separated by 165 ft of casing, with removeable treatment media cartridges (35 percent ZVI by weight, media hydraulic conductivity is approximately 100 ft/d) installed in 70 ft of the cased section.  Hydraulic performance data (as shown in Figure 8) and treatment effectiveness data (Figure 9) indicate the following:
+The&nbsp;HRX Well concept has been evaluated with numerical models and physical sand tank experiments<ref name="Divine2018a"/><ref name="Divine2018"/>, and the first field scale installation of this technology was completed in August 2018 at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in Central California.  This purpose of the HRX Well is to control trichloroethene (TCE) flux in a thin (7 to 12 ft) low permeability aquifer (average hydraulic conductivity is approximately 0.1 to 0.5 ft/day) impacted at concentrations up to about 30 to 50 milligrams per liter (mg/L).  The HRX Well consists of 85 ft of inlet screen and 70 ft of outlet screen separated by 165 ft of casing, with removeable treatment media cartridges (35 percent ZVI by weight, media hydraulic conductivity is approximately 100 ft/d) installed in 70 ft of the cased section.  Hydraulic performance data (as shown in Figure 8) and treatment effectiveness data (Figure 9) indicate the following:
 * The capture and treatment zone for this single HRX Well exceeded 50 ft, consistent with estimates predicted by Equation 1.
 * TCE concentrations were reduced by more than 99.99% based on concentrations at the HRX Well outlet.

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 [[File:Richardson1w2Fig4.png | thumb | left | 400px | Figure 4. Application of the Bomber technology for contaminated sites in low ''k'' materials.]]
 [[File:Richardson1w2Fig5.png | thumb | left | 400px | Figure 5. Chlorinated ethene concentrations at well pair (CMT-1 and IS17MW04).]]
-The geotechnical industry offers a variety of well-established techniques for quickly and efficiently accessing the subsurface for the purposes of ground stabilization, foundation rehabilitation, porewater drainage, and structural support. The speed and efficiency of these techniques can also be a major advantage for emplacement of remedial amendments into the subsurface. One promising approach is the Grout Bomber, a larger adaptation of conventional cement or compaction grouting techniques for subsurface stabilization. The technology uses an excavator equipped with specialized equipment (a “stitcher”) to quickly push a mandrel (3.5 in. diameter hollow cylindrical rod) into the subsurface and subsequently fill the hole and subsurface voids with cement grout (from bottom to top) using an in-line grout delivery system. The typical arrangement of the Grout Bomber technology includes the installation rig (excavator with the “stitcher” mast; see Figure 3a) and an on-site grout mixing and delivery unit consisting of mixing hopper, pumps, hosing, and power supply. Raw materials are loaded into the mixing hopper (see Figure 3b) where it is mixed to the appropriate consistency, then pumped to the Bomber rig at a rate of approximately 0.25 cubic feet per pump stroke. At the exit end of the Bomber mandrel (see Figure 3c), the grout flows in a continuous and uniform manner, allowing the columns to be emplaced with grout while the mandrel (which was pushed into the subsurface) is lifted to the surface.  Hundreds of closely spaced vertical grout columns can be installed per day using this technology.
+The&nbsp;geotechnical industry offers a variety of well-established techniques for quickly and efficiently accessing the subsurface for the purposes of ground stabilization, foundation rehabilitation, porewater drainage, and structural support. The speed and efficiency of these techniques can also be a major advantage for emplacement of remedial amendments into the subsurface. One promising approach is the Grout Bomber, a larger adaptation of conventional cement or compaction grouting techniques for subsurface stabilization. The technology uses an excavator equipped with specialized equipment (a “stitcher”) to quickly push a mandrel (3.5 in. diameter hollow cylindrical rod) into the subsurface and subsequently fill the hole and subsurface voids with cement grout (from bottom to top) using an in-line grout delivery system. The typical arrangement of the Grout Bomber technology includes the installation rig (excavator with the “stitcher” mast; see Figure 3a) and an on-site grout mixing and delivery unit consisting of mixing hopper, pumps, hosing, and power supply. Raw materials are loaded into the mixing hopper (see Figure 3b) where it is mixed to the appropriate consistency, then pumped to the Bomber rig at a rate of approximately 0.25 cubic feet per pump stroke. At the exit end of the Bomber mandrel (see Figure 3c), the grout flows in a continuous and uniform manner, allowing the columns to be emplaced with grout while the mandrel (which was pushed into the subsurface) is lifted to the surface.  Hundreds of closely spaced vertical grout columns can be installed per day using this technology.
 For environmental applications, the Grout Bomber approach can be “repurposed” as a means to improve delivery of remediation amendments into contaminated treatment zones in low ''k'' materials. The remedial amendment (e.g., mixture of zero-valent iron (ZVI), sand, neat oil) can replace the grout and be directly placed into the subsurface from bottom to top (not injected into the surrounding formation), creating hundreds of reaction columns. The Bomber technology offers the following benefits:

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 [[File:Richardson1w2Fig7.png | thumb | 400px | Figure 7. HRX Well completion demonstrating the minimal surface footprint requirement.]]
-The Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>)<ref name="Divine2013"> Divine, C.E., Leone, G., Gillow, J, Roth, T., Brenton, H., and Spurlin, M., 2013. Horizontal In-well Treatment System and Source Area Bypass System and Method for Groundwater Remediation. U.S. Patent US8596351 B2. U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office, Alexandria, VA.    [[Media:HRXwellPatent2013.pdf  | Patent.pdf]]</ref><ref name="Divine2018a"/><ref name="Divine2018"/> is a new passive flux-control technology that utilizes large diameter horizontal wells filled with solid phase reactive media to treat contaminated groundwater ''in situ''.  The HRX Well is installed parallel to the direction of groundwater flow and the design leverages natural “flow focusing” behavior induced by the engineered contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the reactive media and the ambient aquifer hydraulic conductivity to passively capture and treat proportionally large volumes of groundwater within the well. Treated groundwater then exits the horizontal well along its down-gradient sections (Figure 6). The HRX Well can quickly reduce contaminant mass flux and control migration, however it will not directly treat source mass or contamination located in low permeability zones. It requires a limited above-ground footprint (Figure 7) and can be installed under buildings or other surface infrastructure.  In involves no active groundwater management or above ground treatment systems, and minimal ongoing maintenance (except for periodic media replacement as the media becomes exhausted). As shown in Table 1, many different types of solid reactive media are already available; therefore, this concept could be used to address a wide range of contaminants.  Note that it is anticipated that solid phase media would be used in most applications, however, other media types or treatment processes could conceivably be employed. It is expected that reactive media use would be more efficient, and its eventual replacement would be simpler and less costly for an HRX Well than for a conventional [[Zerovalent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers | Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB)]].
+The&nbsp;Horizontal Reactive Media Treatment Well (HRX Well<sup>&reg;</sup>)<ref name="Divine2013"> Divine, C.E., Leone, G., Gillow, J, Roth, T., Brenton, H., and Spurlin, M., 2013. Horizontal In-well Treatment System and Source Area Bypass System and Method for Groundwater Remediation. U.S. Patent US8596351 B2. U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office, Alexandria, VA.    [[Media:HRXwellPatent2013.pdf  | Patent.pdf]]</ref><ref name="Divine2018a"/><ref name="Divine2018"/> is a new passive flux-control technology that utilizes large diameter horizontal wells filled with solid phase reactive media to treat contaminated groundwater ''in situ''.  The HRX Well is installed parallel to the direction of groundwater flow and the design leverages natural “flow focusing” behavior induced by the engineered contrast in hydraulic conductivity between the reactive media and the ambient aquifer hydraulic conductivity to passively capture and treat proportionally large volumes of groundwater within the well. Treated groundwater then exits the horizontal well along its down-gradient sections (Figure 6). The HRX Well can quickly reduce contaminant mass flux and control migration, however it will not directly treat source mass or contamination located in low permeability zones. It requires a limited above-ground footprint (Figure 7) and can be installed under buildings or other surface infrastructure.  In involves no active groundwater management or above ground treatment systems, and minimal ongoing maintenance (except for periodic media replacement as the media becomes exhausted). As shown in Table 1, many different types of solid reactive media are already available; therefore, this concept could be used to address a wide range of contaminants.  Note that it is anticipated that solid phase media would be used in most applications, however, other media types or treatment processes could conceivably be employed. It is expected that reactive media use would be more efficient, and its eventual replacement would be simpler and less costly for an HRX Well than for a conventional [[Zerovalent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers | Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB)]].
 For relatively thin aquifers, the vertically averaged capture and treatment zone width (''w<sub><small>ave</small></sub>'') for an individual well can be estimated through a simple manipulation of Darcy’s Law<ref name="Divine2018a"/>:

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 * [[Bioremediation - Anaerobic | Anaerobic Bioremediation]]
-* [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) | In Situ Chemical Oxidation]]
+* [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) | ''In Situ'' Chemical Oxidation]]
-* [[Chemical Reduction (In Situ - ISCR) | In Situ Chemical Reduction]]
+* [[Chemical Reduction (In Situ - ISCR) | ''In Situ'' Chemical Reduction]]
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S): '''
+'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):'''
 * [[Dr. Stephen Richardson |Stephen D. Richardson, Ph.D., PE]]
 * [[Craig E. Divine, Ph.D., PG]]