1,4-Dioxane - Revision history

Admin at 02:45, 28 April 2022

2022-04-28T02:45:16Z

Jhurley: /* History of Use and Release to Environment */

2020-03-13T18:13:47Z

‎History of Use and Release to Environment

Jhurley: /* History of Use and Release to Environment */

2020-03-13T18:08:13Z

‎History of Use and Release to Environment

Jhurley at 16:00, 6 February 2020

2020-02-06T16:00:53Z

Jhurley at 16:25, 27 August 2019

2019-08-27T16:25:59Z

Jhurley: /* History of Use and Release to Environment */

2019-08-14T15:35:13Z

‎History of Use and Release to Environment

Jhurley: /* History of Use and Release to Environment */

2019-08-14T15:12:18Z

‎History of Use and Release to Environment

Jhurley at 15:09, 15 May 2019

2019-05-15T15:09:26Z

Jhurley: /* See Also */

2019-05-15T14:56:58Z

‎See Also

Jhurley: /* Toxicity and Regulatory Standards (updated 2018) */

2019-05-10T16:02:10Z

‎Toxicity and Regulatory Standards (updated 2018)

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 [[wikipedia: 1,4-Dioxane | 1,4-Dioxane]] (14D) is a heterocyclic synthetic organic chemical that contains two ether bonds, is miscible with water, does not strongly sorb to natural or engineered materials, and does not biodegrade in many environments, all of which results in its persistence and rapid transport in aqueous environments.  14D is a suspected human carcinogen, which has resulted in relatively strict standards for drinking water sources.  [[wikipedia: Advanced oxidation process | Advanced oxidation processes]] (AOPs) are the most well-developed technologies for removal of 14D from potable water supplies.  Several treatment technologies are being developed for ''in situ'' treatment of 14D including [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) | chemical oxidation]], [[Biodegradation - Cometabolic | cometabolic bioremediation]], and [[Thermal Remediation | thermally enhanced]] [[Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) | soil vapor extraction]].
 <div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>
 '''Related Article(s):'''
 *[[Biodegradation - 1,4-Dioxane]]
 *[[Biodegradation - Cometabolic]]
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Matthew Zenker]], [[Dr. Shaily Mahendra | Shaily Mahendra]], and [[Dr. Michael Hyman | Michael Hyman]]
 '''Key Resource(s)''':
 *[https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1566706629 Environmental Investigation and Remediation: 1,4-Dioxane and other solvent stabilizers]<ref name="Mohr2010">Mohr, T.K., Stickney, J.A. and DiGuiseppi, W.H., 2010. Environmental investigation and remediation: 1, 4-dioxane and other solvent stabilizers. CRC Press. Boca Raton. 550 pages. [https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1566706629 doi: 10.1201/EBK1566706629]</ref>

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 A comprehensive evaluation of a large multi-site dataset<ref name="Adamson2017b">Adamson, D., Newell, C., Mahendra, S., Bryant, D. and Wong, M., 2017. In Situ Treatment and Management Strategies for 1,4-Dioxane-Contaminated Groundwater. SERDP Project [[Media:2017Adamson_et_al_ER-2307.pdf | ER-2307]].</ref> found that 14D was detected, when analyzed for, at 52% of sites containing TCE, 70% of sites with 1,1,1-TCA, and 69% of sites with 1,1-DCE. The spatial extent of the 14D plumes typically fell within a similar or smaller footprint than the co-occurring chlorinated solvent plumes.  The more limited migration of 14D, compared to chlorinated solvents, may be due to the timing of the 14D release.  TCE was used at many sites prior to the use of TCA.  As a result, TCE (and its by-products) may have been released before TCA and 14D and could have a “head-start”.  The results were somewhat surprising given the high migration potential of 14D, as explained in the [[Media:14D_Plume_Length.mp4 | video]] shown in Figure 1. The maximum historical dioxane concentrations were below 365 μg/L for half of 194 sites with detectable 14D<ref name="Adamson2014" />. Overall, 14D plumes are generally so dilute that source zones may be difficult to identify.
-Also, modeling results [48] indicate that matrix diffusion of 14D mass in and out of lower-permeability soils (i.e. silts and clays) can be an important fate and transport process for this compound as discussed in more detail in the [[Media:14D_Matrix_Diffusion.mp4 | video]] shown in Figure 2. The contribution of matrix diffusion processes to 14D concentrations within the source zone and the downgradient plume should be accounted for during site management.
+Also, modeling results<ref name="Adamson2017b" /> indicate that matrix diffusion of 14D mass in and out of lower-permeability soils (i.e. silts and clays) can be an important fate and transport process for this compound as discussed in more detail in the [[Media:14D_Matrix_Diffusion.mp4 | video]] shown in Figure 2. The contribution of matrix diffusion processes to 14D concentrations within the source zone and the downgradient plume should be accounted for during site management.
 The common presence of 14D in potable water supplies is a concern because 14D removal is low in many unit processes commonly employed in publicly owned treatment works (POTW) due to the high solubility, low volatility, and relative resistance to biodegradation (see section on physical/chemical treatment).  14D removal was not observed in several physical/chemical water treatment processes including coagulation, oxidation and air stripping processes<ref name="McGuire1978">McGuire, M.J., Suffet, I.H. and Radziul, J.V., 1978. Assessment of unit processes for the removal of trace organic compounds from drinking water. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 70(10), pp.565-572. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1978.tb04244.x doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1978.tb04244.x]</ref>.  Activated carbon adsorption is somewhat more successful, with reported removal efficiencies ranging from 50 to 67 percent<ref name="McGuire1978" /><ref>Johns, M.M., Marshall, W.E. and Toles, C.A., 1998. Agricultural by‐products as granular activated carbons for adsorbing dissolved metals and organics. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental and Clean Technology, 71(2), pp.131-140. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2 <131::AID-JCTB821>3.0.CO;2-K doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2<131::AID-JCTB821>3.0.CO;2-K]</ref>. Stepien<ref name="Stepien2014" /> reported that 14D removal was not observed in four domestic wastewater treatment plants in Germany.  In a study of North Carolina water treatment facilities, 14D removal was not observed at two of the facilities, but was reduced by 65% at a third which employed ozonation of raw and settled water<ref name="Knappe2016" />.

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 ==History of Use and Release to Environment==
-The most common use of 14D has been as a solvent stabilizer for [[wikipedia: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 1,1,1-Trichloroethane]] (TCA) utilized in metal degreasing operations.  The addition of 14D to degreasing solvents such as TCA inhibits the formation of metal salts, which can result in solvent breakdown<ref name="Mohr2010" />. Approximately 90% of 14D produced in the 1980s was used as a stabilizer for TCA<ref name="Mohr2010" />.  Following the [[wikipedia: Montreal Protocol | phase-out of ozone depleting chemicals]] including TCA, the production and use of 14D has declined.  Beyond its use as a solvent stabilizer, 14D has also been used in textile, paint and ink, cellulose acetate membrane and adhesive manufacturing operations<ref name="Mohr2010" />.
+[[File:14D_Plume_Length.mp4 | 600px | thumb | right | Figure 1. Results of 14D plume length study.]]The most common use of 14D has been as a solvent stabilizer for [[wikipedia: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | 1,1,1-Trichloroethane]] (TCA) utilized in metal degreasing operations.  The addition of 14D to degreasing solvents such as TCA inhibits the formation of metal salts, which can result in solvent breakdown<ref name="Mohr2010" />. Approximately 90% of 14D produced in the 1980s was used as a stabilizer for TCA<ref name="Mohr2010" />.  Following the [[wikipedia: Montreal Protocol | phase-out of ozone depleting chemicals]] including TCA, the production and use of 14D has declined.  Beyond its use as a solvent stabilizer, 14D has also been used in textile, paint and ink, cellulose acetate membrane and adhesive manufacturing operations<ref name="Mohr2010" />.
-D is an un-intended byproduct of some organic chemical synthesis processes<ref name="Mohr2010" />.  14D can be produced during manufacture of [[wikipedia: Ethoxylation | alcohol ethoxylates]] which are used in a wide variety of consumer products including soaps and detergents, cosmetics and food.  In 2001, ethoxylated raw materials were found to contain up to 1.4% 14D<ref>Black, R.E., Hurley, F.J. and Havery, D.C., 2001. Occurrence of 1, 4-dioxane in cosmetic raw materials and finished cosmetic products. Journal of AOAC international, 84(3), pp.666-670. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/7/7d/2001-Black-Occurrence_of_1%2C4-dioxane_in_cosmetic_raw_materials....pdf Report.pdf]</ref>. Once this issue was recognized, measures were put into place to reduce 14D levels.  14D levels in the final product can be reduced by controlling the production process<ref>Ortega, J.A.T., 2012. Sulfonation/sulfation processing technology for anionic surfactant manufacture. In Advances in Chemical Engineering. IntechOpen. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/f/fa/2012-Ortega-Sulfonation_sulfation.pdf Report.pdf]</ref> and by treatment of finished products by several approaches including vacuum stripping, steam stripping, and drying<ref>Sachdeva, Y.P. and Gabriel, R.L., Pharm-Eco Laboratories Inc, 1997. Apparatus for decontaminating a liquid surfactant of dioxane. U.S. Patent 5,643,408. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/f/f0/1997-Sachdeva-Apparatus_for_decontaminating_a_liquid_surfractant.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>. 14D is produced as a byproduct during production of [[wikipedia: Polyethylene terephthalate| polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET), polyester and strong surfactants, as well as many other products<ref>Ellis, R.A. and Thomas, J.S., Wellman Inc, 1998. Destroying 1, 4-dioxane in byproduct streams formed during polyester synthesis. U.S. Patent 5,817,910. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/b/b3/1998-Ellis-Destroying_1%2C4-dioxane_in_byproduct_streams_formed_during_polyester.pdf report.pdf]</ref>. Treated industrial wastewater containing 14D may be released to surface water or groundwater<ref name="Knappe2016" /><ref name="Grady1997">Grady, C.P.L., Sock, S.M. and Cowan, R.M., 1997. Biotreatability Kinetics: A Critical Component in the Scale-up of Wastewater Treatment Systems. Environmental Science Research, 54, pp.307-322. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5395-3_28 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5395-3_28]</ref><ref name="Zenker 2000">Zenker, M.J., Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A., 2000. Mineralization of 1, 4-dioxane in the presence of a structural analog. Biodegradation, 11(4), pp.239-246. [https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011156924700 doi: 10.1023/A:1011156924700]</ref>.
+[[File:14D_Matrix_Diffusion.mp4 | 600px | thumb | right| Figure 2. Effects of matrix diffusion processes on 14D concentrations in heterogeneous soils.]] 14D is an un-intended byproduct of some organic chemical synthesis processes<ref name="Mohr2010" />.  14D can be produced during manufacture of [[wikipedia: Ethoxylation | alcohol ethoxylates]] which are used in a wide variety of consumer products including soaps and detergents, cosmetics and food.  In 2001, ethoxylated raw materials were found to contain up to 1.4% 14D<ref>Black, R.E., Hurley, F.J. and Havery, D.C., 2001. Occurrence of 1, 4-dioxane in cosmetic raw materials and finished cosmetic products. Journal of AOAC international, 84(3), pp.666-670. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/7/7d/2001-Black-Occurrence_of_1%2C4-dioxane_in_cosmetic_raw_materials....pdf Report.pdf]</ref>. Once this issue was recognized, measures were put into place to reduce 14D levels.  14D levels in the final product can be reduced by controlling the production process<ref>Ortega, J.A.T., 2012. Sulfonation/sulfation processing technology for anionic surfactant manufacture. In Advances in Chemical Engineering. IntechOpen. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/f/fa/2012-Ortega-Sulfonation_sulfation.pdf Report.pdf]</ref> and by treatment of finished products by several approaches including vacuum stripping, steam stripping, and drying<ref>Sachdeva, Y.P. and Gabriel, R.L., Pharm-Eco Laboratories Inc, 1997. Apparatus for decontaminating a liquid surfactant of dioxane. U.S. Patent 5,643,408. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/f/f0/1997-Sachdeva-Apparatus_for_decontaminating_a_liquid_surfractant.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>. 14D is produced as a byproduct during production of [[wikipedia: Polyethylene terephthalate| polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET), polyester and strong surfactants, as well as many other products<ref>Ellis, R.A. and Thomas, J.S., Wellman Inc, 1998. Destroying 1, 4-dioxane in byproduct streams formed during polyester synthesis. U.S. Patent 5,817,910. [//www.enviro.wiki/images/b/b3/1998-Ellis-Destroying_1%2C4-dioxane_in_byproduct_streams_formed_during_polyester.pdf report.pdf]</ref>. Treated industrial wastewater containing 14D may be released to surface water or groundwater<ref name="Knappe2016" /><ref name="Grady1997">Grady, C.P.L., Sock, S.M. and Cowan, R.M., 1997. Biotreatability Kinetics: A Critical Component in the Scale-up of Wastewater Treatment Systems. Environmental Science Research, 54, pp.307-322. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5395-3_28 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5395-3_28]</ref><ref name="Zenker 2000">Zenker, M.J., Borden, R.C. and Barlaz, M.A., 2000. Mineralization of 1, 4-dioxane in the presence of a structural analog. Biodegradation, 11(4), pp.239-246. [https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011156924700 doi: 10.1023/A:1011156924700]</ref>.
-[[File:14D_Plume_Length.mp4 | 600px | thumb | right | Figure 1. Results of 14D plume length study.]]14D has been detected in air, potable water, wastewater and groundwater.  14D was detected in ambient air in several studies<ref>Harkov, R., Katz, R., Bozzelli, J. and Kebbekus, B., 1981. Toxic and carcinogenic air pollutants in New Jersey volatile organic substances. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference of Toxic Air Contaminants, p.245. Pittsburgh, PA: Air Pollution Control Association</ref><ref>Shah, J.J. and Singh, H.B., 1988. Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air: A national VOCs data base. Environmental Science & Technology, 22(12), pp.1381-1388. [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es00177a001 doi: 10.1021/es00177a001]</ref><ref>Keel, L. and A. Franzmann, 2000. Downtown Bellingham air toxics screening project, 1995-1999 staff report. Northwest Air Pollution Authority (NWAPA). [//www.enviro.wiki/images/d/d0/2000-Keel-Downtown_Bellingham_Air_Toxics_Screening_Project.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>).  In a survey of 4,864 public drinking water systems, 14D was detected in 21% of the systems and exceeded the health-based reference concentration of 0.35 &mu;g/L in 6.9%<ref name="Adamson2017a">Adamson, D.T., Piña, E.A., Cartwright, A.E., Rauch, S.R., Anderson, R.H., Mohr, T. and Connor, J.A., 2017. 1, 4-Dioxane drinking water occurrence data from the third unregulated contaminant monitoring rule. Science of the Total Environment, 596, pp.236-245. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.085 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.085]</ref>. Municipal wastewater<ref>Abe, A., 1999. Distribution of 1, 4-dioxane in relation to possible sources in the water environment. Science of the Total Environment, 227(1), pp.41-47. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00003-0 doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00003-0]</ref><ref>Westerhoff, P., Yoon, Y., Snyder, S. and Wert, E., 2005. Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(17), pp.6649-6663. [https://doi.org/10.1021/es0484799 doi: 10.1021/es0484799]</ref> and landfill leachates<ref>DeWalle, F.B. and Chian, E.S., 1981. Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste landfill. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 73(4), pp.206-211. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04681.x doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04681.x]</ref><ref>Fujiwara, T., Tamada, T., Kurata, Y., Ono, Y., Kose, T., Ono, Y., Nishimura, F. and Ohtoshi, K., 2008. Investigation of 1, 4-dioxane originating from incineration residues produced by incineration of municipal solid waste. Chemosphere, 71(5), pp.894-901. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.011 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.011]</ref> also frequently contain 14D.
+D has been detected in air, potable water, wastewater and groundwater.  14D was detected in ambient air in several studies<ref>Harkov, R., Katz, R., Bozzelli, J. and Kebbekus, B., 1981. Toxic and carcinogenic air pollutants in New Jersey volatile organic substances. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference of Toxic Air Contaminants, p.245. Pittsburgh, PA: Air Pollution Control Association</ref><ref>Shah, J.J. and Singh, H.B., 1988. Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air: A national VOCs data base. Environmental Science & Technology, 22(12), pp.1381-1388. [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es00177a001 doi: 10.1021/es00177a001]</ref><ref>Keel, L. and A. Franzmann, 2000. Downtown Bellingham air toxics screening project, 1995-1999 staff report. Northwest Air Pollution Authority (NWAPA). [//www.enviro.wiki/images/d/d0/2000-Keel-Downtown_Bellingham_Air_Toxics_Screening_Project.pdf Report.pdf]</ref>).  In a survey of 4,864 public drinking water systems, 14D was detected in 21% of the systems and exceeded the health-based reference concentration of 0.35 &mu;g/L in 6.9%<ref name="Adamson2017a">Adamson, D.T., Piña, E.A., Cartwright, A.E., Rauch, S.R., Anderson, R.H., Mohr, T. and Connor, J.A., 2017. 1, 4-Dioxane drinking water occurrence data from the third unregulated contaminant monitoring rule. Science of the Total Environment, 596, pp.236-245. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.085 doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.085]</ref>. Municipal wastewater<ref>Abe, A., 1999. Distribution of 1, 4-dioxane in relation to possible sources in the water environment. Science of the Total Environment, 227(1), pp.41-47. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00003-0 doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00003-0]</ref><ref>Westerhoff, P., Yoon, Y., Snyder, S. and Wert, E., 2005. Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(17), pp.6649-6663. [https://doi.org/10.1021/es0484799 doi: 10.1021/es0484799]</ref> and landfill leachates<ref>DeWalle, F.B. and Chian, E.S., 1981. Detection of trace organics in well water near a solid waste landfill. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 73(4), pp.206-211. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04681.x doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04681.x]</ref><ref>Fujiwara, T., Tamada, T., Kurata, Y., Ono, Y., Kose, T., Ono, Y., Nishimura, F. and Ohtoshi, K., 2008. Investigation of 1, 4-dioxane originating from incineration residues produced by incineration of municipal solid waste. Chemosphere, 71(5), pp.894-901. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.011 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.011]</ref> also frequently contain 14D.
 In groundwater, 14D is frequently observed as a co-contaminant with TCA<ref name="Adamson2014" /><ref name="Anderson2012">Anderson, R.H., Anderson, J.K. and Bower, P.A., 2012. Co‐occurrence of 1,4‐dioxane with trichloroethylene in chlorinated solvent groundwater plumes at US Air Force installations: Fact or fiction. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 8(4), pp.731-737. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1306 doi: 10.1002/ieam.1306]</ref>. As 14D was often utilized as an additive to degreasing solvents<ref name="Mohr2010" />, its presence is positively correlated with other [[Chlorinated Solvents | chlorinated organics]] such as TCA, [[wikipedia: Trichloroethylene | trichloroethene]] (TCE), and [[wikipedia: 1,1-Dichloroethene | 1,1-Dichloroethene]] (1,1-DCE)<ref name="Adamson2017a" />.  In one study, TCA and/or TCE were observed in 94% of the monitoring wells with detectable 14D<ref name="Anderson2012" />.
 A comprehensive evaluation of a large multi-site dataset<ref name="Adamson2017b">Adamson, D., Newell, C., Mahendra, S., Bryant, D. and Wong, M., 2017. In Situ Treatment and Management Strategies for 1,4-Dioxane-Contaminated Groundwater. SERDP Project [[Media:2017Adamson_et_al_ER-2307.pdf | ER-2307]].</ref> found that 14D was detected, when analyzed for, at 52% of sites containing TCE, 70% of sites with 1,1,1-TCA, and 69% of sites with 1,1-DCE. The spatial extent of the 14D plumes typically fell within a similar or smaller footprint than the co-occurring chlorinated solvent plumes.  The more limited migration of 14D, compared to chlorinated solvents, may be due to the timing of the 14D release.  TCE was used at many sites prior to the use of TCA.  As a result, TCE (and its by-products) may have been released before TCA and 14D and could have a “head-start”.  The results were somewhat surprising given the high migration potential of 14D, as explained in the [[Media:14D_Plume_Length.mp4 | video]] shown in Figure 1. The maximum historical dioxane concentrations were below 365 μg/L for half of 194 sites with detectable 14D<ref name="Adamson2014" />. Overall, 14D plumes are generally so dilute that source zones may be difficult to identify.
 The common presence of 14D in potable water supplies is a concern because 14D removal is low in many unit processes commonly employed in publicly owned treatment works (POTW) due to the high solubility, low volatility, and relative resistance to biodegradation (see section on physical/chemical treatment).  14D removal was not observed in several physical/chemical water treatment processes including coagulation, oxidation and air stripping processes<ref name="McGuire1978">McGuire, M.J., Suffet, I.H. and Radziul, J.V., 1978. Assessment of unit processes for the removal of trace organic compounds from drinking water. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 70(10), pp.565-572. [https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1978.tb04244.x doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1978.tb04244.x]</ref>.  Activated carbon adsorption is somewhat more successful, with reported removal efficiencies ranging from 50 to 67 percent<ref name="McGuire1978" /><ref>Johns, M.M., Marshall, W.E. and Toles, C.A., 1998. Agricultural by‐products as granular activated carbons for adsorbing dissolved metals and organics. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental and Clean Technology, 71(2), pp.131-140. [https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2 <131::AID-JCTB821>3.0.CO;2-K doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199802)71:2<131::AID-JCTB821>3.0.CO;2-K]</ref>. Stepien<ref name="Stepien2014" /> reported that 14D removal was not observed in four domestic wastewater treatment plants in Germany.  In a study of North Carolina water treatment facilities, 14D removal was not observed at two of the facilities, but was reduced by 65% at a third which employed ozonation of raw and settled water<ref name="Knappe2016" />.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Related Article(s):'''
-*[[Biodegradation – 1,4-Dioxane]]
+*[[Biodegradation - 1,4-Dioxane]]
 *[[Biodegradation - Cometabolic]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:25, 27 August 2019
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−	[[wikipedia: 1,4-Dioxane \| 1,4-Dioxane]] (14D) is a heterocyclic synthetic organic chemical that contains two ether bonds, is miscible with water, does not strongly sorb to natural or engineered materials, and does not biodegrade in many environments, all of which results in its persistence and rapid transport in aqueous environments. 14D is a suspected human carcinogen, which has resulted in relatively strict standards for drinking water sources. [[wikipedia: Advanced oxidation ~~processes~~ \| Advanced oxidation processes]] (AOPs) are the most well-developed technologies for removal of 14D from potable water supplies. Several treatment technologies are being developed for ''in situ'' treatment of 14D including [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) \| chemical oxidation]], [[Biodegradation - Cometabolic \| cometabolic bioremediation]], and [[Thermal Remediation \| thermally enhanced]] [[Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) \| soil vapor extraction]].	+	[[wikipedia: 1,4-Dioxane \| 1,4-Dioxane]] (14D) is a heterocyclic synthetic organic chemical that contains two ether bonds, is miscible with water, does not strongly sorb to natural or engineered materials, and does not biodegrade in many environments, all of which results in its persistence and rapid transport in aqueous environments. 14D is a suspected human carcinogen, which has resulted in relatively strict standards for drinking water sources. [[wikipedia: Advanced oxidation process \| Advanced oxidation processes]] (AOPs) are the most well-developed technologies for removal of 14D from potable water supplies. Several treatment technologies are being developed for ''in situ'' treatment of 14D including [[Chemical Oxidation (In Situ - ISCO) \| chemical oxidation]], [[Biodegradation - Cometabolic \| cometabolic bioremediation]], and [[Thermal Remediation \| thermally enhanced]] [[Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) \| soil vapor extraction]].
	<div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>		<div style="float:right;margin:0 0 2em 2em;">__TOC__</div>

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 *[[Biodegradation - Cometabolic]]
-'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Matthew Zenker]], [[Dr. Shaily Mahendra]], and [[Dr. Michael Hyman]]
+'''CONTRIBUTOR(S):''' [[Matthew Zenker]], [[Dr. Shaily Mahendra | Shaily Mahendra]], and [[Dr. Michael Hyman | Michael Hyman]]
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ==Properties, Fate and Transport==
-,4-Dioxane (14D) is a heterocyclic organic compound, and the most commonly encountered of the three dioxane isomers (1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-Dioxane). Key physical and chemical properties of 14D are listed in Table 1.  The heterocyclic, polar structure of 1,4-Dioxane causes it to be miscible with water and also unable to strongly sorb or partition to aquifer solids or engineered sorbents (i.e. activated carbon).  While 14D has a moderate vapor pressure, the high aqueous solubility results in limited volatilization.
+,4-Dioxane (14D) is a heterocyclic organic compound, and the most commonly encountered of the three dioxane isomers (1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dioxane). Key physical and chemical properties of 14D are listed in Table 1.  The heterocyclic, polar structure of 1,4-dioxane causes it to be miscible with water and also unable to strongly sorb or partition to aquifer solids or engineered sorbents (i.e. activated carbon).  While 14D has a moderate vapor pressure, the high aqueous solubility results in limited volatilization.
 {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:56, 15 May 2019
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	==See Also==		==See Also==
		+	*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9hIBss4E5c&t=2s 1,4-Dioxane: Do We Have the Right Conceptual Site Model for Managing Contaminated Groundwater Sites?]
		+	*[https://clu-in.org/contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/1,4-Dioxane/cat/Overview/ CLU-IN: 1,4-Dioxane]
		+	*[[wikipedia: 1,4-Dioxane \| Wikipedia: 1,4-Dioxane]]

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<ref>ATSDR, 2012. Toxicological profile for 1,4-dioxane. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [//www.enviro.wiki/images/d/df/2012-ASTDR._Toxicological_profile_for_1%2C4-dioxane.pdf Report.pdf]</ref> classifies 14D as a reasonably anticipated human carcinogen, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer<ref name="IARC1999">IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization, 1999. Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. IARC.</ref><ref>Stickney, J.A., Sager, S.L., Clarkson, J.R., Smith, L.A., Locey, B.J., Bock, M.J., Hartung, R. and Olp, S.F., 2003. An updated evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of 1, 4-dioxane. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 38(2), pp.183-195. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00090-4 doi: 10.1016/S0273-2300(03)00090-4]</ref> regards 14D as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).  These classifications are primarily based on research on mice, rats and guinea pigs<ref name="IARC1999" />. One human epidemiological study reported no increased deaths from cancer in workers exposed to 14D<ref>Buffler, P.A., Wood, S.M., Suarez, L. and Kilian, D.J., 1978. Mortality follow-up of workers exposed to 1, 4-dioxane. Journal of occupational medicine.: official publication of the Industrial Medical Association, 20(4), pp.255-259.</ref>.
-There is currently no maximum contaminant level (MCL) for 14D.  However, tap water screening (0.46 µg/L)  and drinking water equivalent levels (1 mg/L)<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2018(a). Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. EPA 822-F-18-001 [//www.enviro.wiki/images/3/36/2018-USEPA-Edition_of_the_Drinking_Water_Standards_and_Health_Advisories.pdf Report.pdf]</ref> have been established.  For soil contamination, the US EPA has calculated a residential soil screening level (SSL) of 5.3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), an industrial SSL of 24 mg/kg and leach-based SSL of 9.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> mg/kg <ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2018(b). Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Tables. </ref>.  Many states have established drinking water and groundwater standards, which range from 0.25 (New Hampshire) to 9.1 µg/L (Texas)<ref>Suthersan, S., Quinnan, J., Horst, J., Ross, I., Kalve, E., Bell, C. and Pancras, T., 2016. Making strides in the management of “emerging contaminants”. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 36(1), pp.15-25. [https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12143 doi: 10.1111/gwmr.12143]</ref>.
+There is currently no maximum contaminant level (MCL) for 14D.  However, tap water screening (0.46 µg/L)  and drinking water equivalent levels (1 mg/L)<ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2018(a). Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. EPA 822-F-18-001 [//www.enviro.wiki/images/3/36/2018-USEPA-Edition_of_the_Drinking_Water_Standards_and_Health_Advisories.pdf Report.pdf]</ref> have been established.  For soil contamination, the US EPA has calculated a residential soil screening level (SSL) of 5.3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), an industrial SSL of 24 mg/kg and leach-based SSL of 9.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> mg/kg <ref>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2018(b). Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Tables. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables</ref>.  Many states have established drinking water and groundwater standards, which range from 0.25 (New Hampshire) to 9.1 µg/L (Texas)<ref>Suthersan, S., Quinnan, J., Horst, J., Ross, I., Kalve, E., Bell, C. and Pancras, T., 2016. Making strides in the management of “emerging contaminants”. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 36(1), pp.15-25. [https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12143 doi: 10.1111/gwmr.12143]</ref>.
 ==History of Use and Release to Environment==